3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) is one of the most prevalent illegal drugs of abuse among European adolescents, a population not generally experienced with respect to ‘hard’ drugs such as cocaine. We, therefore, determined the reinforcing effect of intravenously self-administered MDMA in a fixed ratio 1 time-out 150 s schedule of reinforcement in rats that were truly drug naive and compared it to cocaine-trained rats. The reinforcing effect of MDMA [0.032–10 mg/(kg·injection)] did not differ between drug-naive rats and cocaine-trained ones. MDMA sensitized the animals to its own rate-increasing effect but not to that of cocaine. When MDMA was tested after cocaine, there was no carryover of cocaine’s reinforcing effect to that of MDMA, suggesting that MDMA and cocaine produce distinct interoceptive stimuli in rats.

Objectives To assess the evidence for the existence and prevalence of sleep attacks in patients taking dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease, the type of drugs implicated, and strategies for prevention and treatment.

The 1.5-day psychotherapy exceeded bupropion's efficacy, presenting an alternative to pharmacological smoking cessation aids, especially for smokers who reject drugs to treat their substance dependence, at a similar cost (Euro 350) as the bupropion treatment (Euro 355).

Apart from comprehensive neuroophthalmologic and orthoptic examination it is important to observe the patient for possible doctor shopping, symptom shift and the rare development of depression.

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