This review summarizes the synthetic pathways to pyrano [2,3-c]pyrazoles which either have a hydrogen atom, aryl substituent or condensed spiro group at the 4-position. Synthesis focuses on two component or MCR's including three, four and five components. Reaction conditions are variable including a green approach, nanoparticulate catalyst, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic irradiations and other catalysts. Most commonly used reagents are pyrazolones, benzylidenemalononitrile, hydrazines, β-ketoesters, malononitrile, aldehydes and ketones. Various substituted phenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, furan, thiophene, indole, tetrahydroquinoline have been incorporated at 4-position while amino and cyano groups at sixth and fifth position respectively and posses diverse biological properties.
Digitalis lanata, due to the presence of cardenolides in the leaves, is widely used in drug industry for the treatments of congestive heart diesases. In this present study, natural populations of D. lanata in Thrace region were collected. Thereafter, cardiac glycoside analysis of D. lanata subsp. lanata grown in natural habitats and micropropagation from shoot tips were established as a model work for a consistent and a sustainable plant production. Of the cardenolides, Lan A (ranging between 24.8 and 300.4 mg 100 g-1) and Lan C (42.1 and 258 mg 100 g-1 were predominantly found in the samples as compared to lanatoside B, digoxin and digitoxin. After seed germination, shoot-tip cultivation was achieved after a subsequent shoot and root formation on MS medium. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) depending on their concentrations were found to be effective in shoot and root formation accordingly. Maximum two shoots from shoot tips were produced after 8 weeks of cultivation, and at the end of 12 th weeks of cultivation each shoots produced an average number of 6.4 roots in 8.1 cm length. Acclimatization was also achieved successfully with a maximum survival rate (95 %) for 4 weeks. This study is the first report on cardenolide profiling of Thracian D. lanata at different locations, and shoot tip cultivation of the population selected under in vitro conditions. Trakya'da Doğal Yayılış Gösteren Digitalis lanata Ehrh. subsp. lanata'nın (yünlü yüksükotu) Sürgün-Ucu Kültürü ve Kardenolit İçeriğinin Belirlenmesi
SWEETs are novel class of sugar effl uxers, which have unique functional role in plant biology. Besides nectar production, freezing tolerance, and transport of hexoses across tonoplast and growth-supporting role of pathogens, these SWEETs could have potential role in establishing powerful symbiotic relationship at the root interface and also in feeding to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbionts. The microarray or transcriptome expression of SWEET genes from colonized roots revealed that out of 28 Medicago SWEETs, three genes ( MtSWEET1b , MtSWEET3c , and MtSWEET12 ) were induced specifi cally due to AMF symbiosis. The root type specifi c expression of these three genes was also enhanced by AMF colonization in rice. The degree of expression of OsSWEET1b , OsSWEET3b , and OsSWEET12 was increased in colonized large lateral roots (LLRM) and crown roots (CRM), while OsSWEET3b and OsSWEET12 were induced in fi ne lateral roots (FLRM) and CRM, respectively. Promoter regions of these SWEETs represent critical motif elements (MYCS, PB1S, and PHR1) which play critical role in establishment of AMF symbiosis and phosphate starvation-induced responses, respectively. Taken together, these SWEETs have potential to be explored via functional genomics tools to understand feeding mechanisms to symbionts.
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