The purpose of the study is to examine the predictors that influencing sustainable behaviour among students in public universities in Malaysia. For this reason, this paper seeks to address the research problem about the issue of the sustainability development due to the behaviour problems regardingthe environmental issues. In the current globalization arena, government of each countries facing challenges and keep on finding the better ways to manage environmental problems that occurred in Malaysia and enhance sustainable behaviour among societies. For that governments in each countries including Malaysia have been spent huge amount of money for the development and program that increase awarenessand knowledgeamong them. At this vein, investigation on factors that sustainable behaviour is important.Previous studies show little evidence about the relationship between sustainable behaviour and spirituality. Thus, this study found that spirituality plays effective role in influencing sustainable behaviour among students. Therefore,this study is the conceptual paper that addressing the effect of spirituality and knowledge in influencing sustainable behaviour among students.
With the development of new oil formations and with the advent of new directions in the global energy sector, new requirements for materials for well construction appear. With the close attention to environmental footprint and unique properties, one of the promising materials for well cementing is geopolymers. Being a relatively new material, they are characterized by low carbon footprint, high acid resistance and attractive mechanical properties. This article is aimed at developing new geopolymer slurries for the oil industry, their characterization and field implementation analysis. With the ultimate goal of developing a methodology for the analysis of raw materials and designing the geopolymer slurries, studies were carried out on various raw materials, including different types of fly ash. Based on the data obtained and rapid screening methods, an approach was developed to formulate a geopolymer composition recipe. Since not all cement additives directly work in geopolymers, special attention was paid to control the thickening time and fluid loss. The methods of XRD, XRF, ICP-MS, density, particle size distribution measurements as well as API methods of cement testing were used to understand the composition and structure of the materials obtained, their properties and design limitations. A special approach was applied to study the acid resistance of the materials obtained and to compare with conventional cements and slags. Using one of the most common sources of aluminosilicate, fly ash, formulations with a density of 13.5 – 16.5 lbm/galUS were tested. A sensitivity analysis showed that the type of activator and its composition play a critical role both in the mechanical properties of the final product and in the solidification time and rheological properties of the product. The use of several samples of fly ash, significantly different in composition, made it possible to formulate the basic rules for the design of geopolymers for the oil industry. An analysis was also carried out on 10 different agents for filtration and 7 moderators to find a working formulation for the temperature range up to 100°C. The samples were systematically examined for changes in composition, strength, and acid resistance was previously measured. Despite the emergence of examples of the use of geopolymers in the construction industry and examples of laboratory testing of geopolymers for the oil industry, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no evidence of pumping geopolymers into a well. Our work is an attempt to develop an adaptation of the construction industry knowledge to the unique high pressure, high temperature conditions of the oil and gas industry. The ambitions of this work go far beyond the laboratory tests and involve yard test experiments.
Dalam projek ini, dua kaedah penyekat–gerakan enzim glukosa oksidase (GOD) bagi biosensor glukosa amperometrik berdasarkan peroksida telah dikaji. Bagi kaedah penyekat–gerakan yang pertama, glukosa oksidase telah disekat–gerak dalam polivinilalkohol (PNA) dibeku–cair pada tiga kepekatan PVA yang berbeza (5%, 10% dan 15% PVA). Kepekatan PVA yang lebih tinggi mampu menyekat–gerak enzim di dalam membran dengan lebih baik. Namun, kepekatan PVA yang lebih tinggi tidak semestinya mempunyai korelasi yang baik dengan aktiviti enzim. Membran PVA–GOD dibeku–cair dengan 10% PVA menunjukkan sensitiviti yang paling baik kepada glukosa. Prestasi membran PVA–GOD dibeku–cair dengan 15% PVA dan 5% PVA adalah hampir sama. Bagi kaedah penyekat–gerakan yang kedua, GOD disekat–gerak dalam PVA tetrametoksisilan (TMOS) pada kepekatan (3–glisidoksipropildimetiletoksi) silan yang berbeza. Bagi membran yang disediakan menggunakan 1:1 (TMOS: 3GPDES), peratusan enzim aktiviti yang tinggal selepas hari ke 40 ialah lebih kurang 51%. Membran yang disediakan menggunakan 1:2 (TMOS: 3GPDES) dan 1:3 (TMOS:3GPDES) adalah agak stabil dengan masing–masing sebanyak 69% dan 58% peratusan enzim aktiviti yang tinggal selepas hari ke 40. Keseluruhannya, biosensor glukosa telah menunjukkan prestasi yang memberangsangkan. Kata kunci: Biosensor; glukosa; peroksida; kepekatan In this work, two methods of glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilization for peroxide based glucose biosensor had been investigated. For the first immobilization method, GOD was immobilized in freeze–thawed poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at three different PVA concentrations (5%, 10% and 15% PVA). The higher the PVA concentration used for immobilization, the better the retention of the enzyme in the membrane. Nevertheless, higher PVA concentration did not necessarily correlate well with enzyme activity. Freeze–thawed PVA–GOD membranes with 10% PVA showed the highest sensitivity to glucose. The performances of freeze–thawed PVA–GOD membranes with 15% and 5% PVA was comparable. For the second immobilization method, GOD was immobilized within PVA/tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) matrix with different (3–glycidoxypropyldimenthylethoxy) silane (3GPDES) concentrations. For the membranes prepared with 1:1 (TMOS: 3GPDES) volumetric ratio, the percentage of enzyme activity remaining at day 40 was about 51%. Meanwhile, membrane prepared with 1:2 (TMOS: 3GPDES) and 1:3 (TMOS: 3GPDES) were quite stable with 69% and 58% of enzyme activity remaining at day 40, respectively. Overall, the glucose biosensor showed very promising performances. Key words: Biosensor; peroxide; temperature; concentration
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