Abstracts. We found that increasing sunspot number caused a significant negative effect on monthly and yearly average air concentration and yearly deposition of 7Be.

Hypoid gears are one of the most general form of gearing, and a theoretical solution for them has been studied by many researchers. Many hypotheses and theorems about these gears have been proposed—some of them correct and many of them wrong. The tooth surfaces are parts of general curved surfaces and they must have principal directions and principal curvatures on every contact point. However, there has been no detailed research on the fundamental elements of the surface. This study develops necessary conditions for determining these curvatures and principal directions for conjugate gearing with a contact line by introducing the concept of geodesic torsions. [S1050-0472(00)00503-1]

The relative γ ray activities from P214b and B214i condensed from precipitation are used to determine its “age,” the average time the accreted activity has been removed from secular equilibrium. A verifiable assumption that radon progeny on/in the surface/volume of droplets mostly remains in secular equilibrium until they begin their descent, enables estimates of their transit times to ground of typically a few tens of minutes. This agrees well with the time expected for the activity on the surface of droplets to reach the ground from heights of a few kilometers. The half lives of γ activities from B214i and P214b, 19.7 and 26.9 min, respectively, are on the same scale as transit time to ground and close enough to each other to measure ratios of activities from secular equilibrium (1.00) to transient equilibrium (3.88) within a few hundreds of minutes. The ratio of γ count rates is independent of knowledge of either initial activity or any systematic errors and thus limited only by the uncertainty from counting statistics, which from condensates of 5–30 l of rain viewed with 2π solid angle by a 50% efficient, high-resolution Ge detector is only a few percent. These ratios fit extremely well to known theoretical curves, which cannot only be used to date rain but can also be extrapolated backward to determine radon progeny activities in rain prior to its descent, knowledge of which may facilitate further studies using radon progeny as tracers.

Abstract:We have continuously observed the aerosols with 3 kinds of samplers; automatic daily sampler (DS), Andersen sampler (AS) and Low pressure Andersen Sampler (LPAS) at Sakai, Osaka, Japan. We started these sampling from 1986 (DS), 1993 (AS) and 2000 (LPAS). Yearly mean of fine particles (< 2.1µm) has decreased by about 10 µg/m 3 from 1993 to 2009. By contrast the coarse particles (> 2.1µm) do not have explicit decrease. The main constituents in fine particles are carbon matters (EC and OC) and ions (sulphate and nitrate). Ions do not have decrease trend. These trends indicate that the decrease of fine particles might be caused by the decrease of carbon matters.The atmospheric aerosols affect the global climate and its fine particle that are exposed to our body cause the disease. The concentrations of atmospheric aerosols change yearly, seasonally and daily. So, to understand the change in aerosols, we have observed the atmospheric aerosols at Sakai, Osaka. We have analyzed its constituents (ions, elements, elemental and organic carbon) in the aerosols to reveal the affect of aerosols to the climate and our health. In this report we show the method of sampling and analysis and the yearly change in mass concentrations of fine and coarse aerosols.

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