Diversidade de rizóbios capazes de nodular leguminosas tropicais 1 RESUMOEm geral, leguminosas tropicais são capazes de formar nódulos com uma ampla faixa de rizóbios, o que contribui significativamente para o aumento da atividade da fixação biológica de nitrogênio. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho, estudar a faixa hospedeira do grupo conhecido genericamente como Rhizobium, rizóbio tropical ou grupo miscelânea caupi, como estratégia para a obtenção de um inoculante eficiente para a cultura do amendoim. ABSTRACTTropical legume species are generally capable of forming nodules with a broad rhizobium range, which contributes significantly to biological nitrogen fixation activity. This work had the objective of studying the host range of Rhizobium group generally referred as tropical rhizobia or miscellanea cowpea group and design strategies for obtaining an efficient inoculant for peanut. Seven species within the Aeschynomeneae tribe were used as host plant for rhizobia present in soil samples from Pernambuco State located in the North-east region of Brazil. Rhizobia were isolated from nodules of Arachis hipoaea, A. villosulicarpa, Stylosanthes guyanensis, S. scabra, Aeschynomene americana, A. paniculata and A. histrix and characterized regarding growth ratio, pH change of culture medium and colony morphology parameters: size, appearance, color, elevation, transparency, form and mucous type and quantity. The fenotipical characterization resulted in the identification of 44 groups. These data were used for estimating diversity indices related to the Rhizobium population present in soil samples under different vegetation and/or management. Shanon and Weaver diversity index and Margalef index indicated that soil covered by native vegetation (caatinga) showed a more diverse rhizobia population than the soil under peanut cultivation.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) is a legume of great social and economic importance in tropical regions. The plant is tolerant to soil and climatic adversity, while it has high nutritional value with high protein, minerals and vitamins contents. The cowpea legume has a very high ability to fix N 2 which is important because it can reduce the costs of soluble mineral fertilizers and may contribute to sustainable agriculture, preserving the environment and natural resources. In order to observe the influence of Rhizobia the agronomic effectiveness of cowpea strains was tested in two consecutive years compared with the mineral N fertilization. The experiments were carried out in different soils of the Brazilian Northeast (semiarid and rain forest region) which measured the effectiveness of rhizobia on grain yield. The results revealed the effectiveness of strain BR 3299 in the experiment that significantly increased the grain yield (3 times when 50 kg ha -1 of N, and 2 times when 80 kg ha -1 N were used). The Rhizobia treatment promoted the grain yield (up to 1,600 kg ha -1 ), compared to application of 80 kg ha -1 of N. In general, all applied strains promoted the Brazilian Northeast average cowpea yield (300-400 kg ha -1 ).
Os gêneros Arachis, Stylosanthes e Aeschynomene, pertencentes, à tribo Aeschynomeneae, são nodulados por vários tipos diferentes de rizóbios. Essas bactérias formam um grupo de inoculação altamente heterogêneo, normalmente conhecido como rizóbio tropical. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação utilizando-se vasos de Leonard sob condições estéreis, para avaliação da faixa de especificidade hospedeira de rizóbio isolado de nódulos das raízes de plantas da tribo Aeschynomene, e da sua eficiência simbiótica. Testaram-se vinte estirpes de rizóbios isoladas de Arachis hypogaea (cv. BR1), Stylosanthes guyanensis e Aeschynomene americana cultivadas em amostras de solos da região nordeste do Brasil. Os isolados usados como inoculantes provieram de plantas de caupi (Vigna unguiculata), siratro (Macropitilium atropurpureum) e amendoim (Arachis hypogaea). No segundo experimento vinte estirpes também foram testadas nas seguintes espécies: A. hypogaea, S. guyanensis, A. americana, V. unguiculata e M. artropurpureum. Macropitilium atropurpureum foi capaz de nodular com todos os isolados testados, mas mostrou diferença na eficiência simbiótica. De outro lado, apenas oito isolados foram capazes de nodular o caupi. Esses resultados sugerem que isolados de rizóbios da tribo Aeschynomene apresentam diferenças quanto à faixa hospedeira, indicando também a ocorrência de diferentes grupos de inoculação.
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