Human governance is an essential internal value that acts as a guide for a human to behave. Positive internal values can be the drivers to inspire people to work with integrity and accountability for the well-being of the businesses. Previous studies on corporate governance and firm performance show very little empirical evidence done in determining the role of human governance. The term human governance itself especially from the Western perspective is still unclearly defined. Thus, the objectives of this study are twofold. First, to investigate the characteristics of human governance from Western and Islamic perspectives. Second, to examine the factors that can improve the quality of human governance in order to mitigate the misconduct behaviour among the employees and the top management. The findings show that Western human governance emphasizes more on the good ethical values of human behaviour but Islamic human governance highlight on religiosity that build good spiritual that generates good behaviour among the Muslim people.

This study intended to examine the relationship between free cash flow and agency costs towards firm performance based on the data from 350 public listed companies in Malaysia. The data was collected from year 2005 to 2015. There is a need to re-examine the free cash flow hypothesis and the agency theory based on Malaysian data as the results from previous studies shown a mix results.The findings shown free cash flow is significantly giving positive impact on firm performance. This result is contradict to free cash flow hypothesis, but it can occur due to, when the availability of investments opportunities that can be generated when firm more free cash flow that later able to increase firm performance. Meanwhile, total asset turnover has a positive impact on return on asset. However, the operating expenses ratio demonstrates that the operating expenses ratio has a negative impact on return on asset. The mix findings of agency cost are supported by previous studies.

Financial literacy encourages individuals and society to improve their financial well-being. Hence, increase their capabilities to take part in economic life. This paper aims to investigate the impact of financial literacy on finance and economy. An extensive review of financial literacy literature is carried out, with a specific attention on its correlation with financial and economic aspects. This study unveils that financial literacy gives impacts on personal financial decisions, behaviour, saving and retirement, investment, financial risk tolerance, business, and national economy. This paper will be useful to economists and technologist about the importance of financial literacy with the suggestions on the role of financial technology (FinTech) in enhancing financial literacy, thus financial well-being as well as overall well-being  towards industrial revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0).

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have turn out to be important for corporate strategy in businesses. With an increased pressure from the stakeholders, these require the management of a company to be transparent and reliable in reporting their CSR activities. Perhaps, it is also imperative for the financial performance in a long term. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the extensiveness of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) among plantation and consumer products listed companies on Bursa Malaysia. Additionally, this study looking evidence on the relationship between CSRD and company financial performance (CFP) of selected companies. The data is obtained through content analysis of the company annual reports and stand-alone sustainability reports for the period of 2003-2013. Based on the stratified sampling method, 40 companies have been selected. The four independent variables are the CSR framework outlined by Bursa Malaysia (community, environment, marketplace and workplace) and the dependent variables (return on asset and Tobin’s Q) is used in this study. Data were analyzed using E-views software. The findings discovered that consumer product sector recorded the highest CSRD which the workplace dimension become the preference while plantation is the least sector. Furthermore, the findings from the panel data regression models on the impact of CSRD associated with CFP, it revealed that there is a mixed relationship associated with return on assets (ROA) and Tobin’s Q (TQ). The findings of this study were particularly important not only to the existing literature but also for both sectors to consider the importance of CSR activities in their business operation activities.

There is a growing stream of research to seek for a solution to improve financial risk tolerance (FRT) in investment decisions, which is most likely conducted from financial institutions and was revealed that there are varieties of factors contribute to this aspect. The literature demonstrated that FRT is considered as the powerful factor that encourages investors’ intentions towards investments. Study shows that the  FRT can be improved through positive financial behaviour. Hence it is essential to explore financial behaviour and FRT influences in investment decision from studies around the world and Malaysian market.  Therefore, this wide discussion will benefit financial practitioners and institutions in financial practices. In addition, this study surely contribute some additional insights towards existing literature.