Background: Polycystic Ovary Disorder (PCOS) is perceived as the most widely recognized endocrinopathy in reproductive women. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the lifestyle and frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This is a case-control study conducted on females at princess Nourah University (PNU), King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) and malls in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The study included females in the reproductive age including 401 controls and 122 PCOS cases.Results: History of pregnancy related disorders was higher among the PCOS women in comparison to controls, while abortion represented the highest percentage in both cases and controls. Family history of polycystic ovary syndrome was doubled in cases than controls. There was significant increase in the percentage of hypothyroidism and hyperlipidemia in polycystic ovary syndrome patients (P <0.001). Snoring, use of oral contraceptives, high prolactin level, incidence of menorrhagia and urinary tract infection were significantly higher in cases than controls (P <0.001). In addition, there was no difference between controls and polycystic ovary syndrome cases regarding their dietary intake. On the other hand, physical activity was significantly higher in controls compared to polycystic ovary syndrome group.Conclusions: This study supports previous studies that revealed a relation between polycystic ovary syndrome and endocrinological disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, and obesity. On the other hand, there is no relation between dietary intake and PCOS, however exercising regularly can decrease the possibility of having the disease.

Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a rare form of DM characterized by unique cutaneous and pulmonary features with no muscle involvement. A subset of patients with CADM has a specific antibody known as anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). The systemic associations of anti-MDA-5 CADM warrant an early recognition and management to prevent fetal sequelae. It is seen more commonly in white and Asian female individuals. The clinical features of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive CADM in other ethnic groups are not well reported. Here, we describe a case of CADM with identified autoantibodies against MDA5 in a Sudanese female patient presenting with characteristic cutaneous features in association with MDA5 autoantibodies: ulcerated Gottron’s papules, painful palmar papules, shawl sign, and heliotrope sign. No evidence of pulmonary or systemic involvement was identified. Treatment with prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil was initiated. This case emphasizes the importance of keeping a high level of suspicion and to recognize the unique clinical feature of this type of DM aiding in early treatment and preventing fatal outcomes.

Background: In the past, and until the end of the twentieth century, TB was one of the major causes of death. Nowadays, the world is still challenging with TB control, even though the percentage of TB has been decreased. In Saudi Arabia, annual TB incidence rate is 12/100,000 population. Even though incidence rate of TB has been decreased in Saudi Arabia, still TB not fully control. Getting the world free from TB will not happen if general populations don't aware about TB. Aim: To evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice towards TB among general populations in Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. Method: This is a cross-sectional study done by selection of general populations in Riyadh region by random sample. The study was done by a self-administrated questionnaire that contains demographic data part and other parts that evaluate the awareness of TB. Comparison of results between many variables by Chi-Square Test and P-value < 0.05 was considered as a significant level. Result: Around 519 participants in this study (Response rate 94.36%) by mean age 33. Only 3.3% have a history of TB and 21.1% have relative with a history of TB. Only 19.4% of participants have good knowledge, only 18.0% have favorable attitude and most of the participants have a good practice (67.6%). People with high degree educational level have better knowledge than others. Non-Saudi people are better than Saudis in practice and people who have relative with a history of TB are better in attitude than others. In practice, Female are better than male, married people also better than single, people with a history of TB or relative with a history of TB are better than others. Conclusion: Papulations in Riyadh and its surroundings have a very low level of knowledge toward TB. Most people have unfavorable attitude level. Even though there is a high level of good practice but still it needs to be increased. Education has an important role to increase the level of knowledge about TB.

Background: Over the past years, polysaccharide based scaffolds has been the most promising material for tissue engineering. In the present study, carrageenan, an injectable scaffold has been used owing to its advantage and superior property. Cissus quadrangularis, a natural agent was incorporated into the carrageenan scaffold which probably has the potential to make a favourable micro-environment for the dentin-pulp regeneration. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the antioxidant activity and biocompatibility of the material. Methods: The present in vitro study comprised of four study group each constituting a sample of 15 (n=15). The carrageenan hydrogel without addition of Cissus quadrangularis acted as control group (Group-I). Based on the concentration of aqueous extract of Cissus quadrangularis (10% w/v, 20% w/v and 30% w/v) in carrageenan hydrogel, respective study groups namely II, III and IV were considered. Antioxidant activity was assed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and biocompatibility test was performed by using brine shrimp lethality assay. One-way ANOVA with the post hoc tukey test was performed using SPSS software v22. Results: Significant difference (P<0.05) in the antioxidant activity was observed among the study groups with 20% w/v Cissus quadrangularis hydrogel (group III) reported the highest and control group showed the least antioxidant activity. A significant (P<0.01) drop in the antioxidant activity was observed in group IV when compared with group III. A significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent increase in biocompatibility was observed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to assess the surface morphology with different concentration of cissus quadrangularis, wherein group III showed even distribution throughout the hydrogel although the particles are close and densely arranged. Reduced antioxidant activity in group IV was probably due to clumping of the particles, thus reducing the active surface area.Conclusion: Keeping the limitations of the in vitro study, it can be assumed that carrageenan based injectable hydrogel scaffold, incorporated with 20% w/v Cissus quadrangularis can provide favourable micro-environment as it is biocompatible and possess better antioxidant property. Hence, this study lays ground for future studies to explore this scaffold incorporated with Cissus quadrangularis for dentin pulp regeneration.

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