This paper tries to investigate the historical development of Islamic banking in the world. The formation of Islamic banking was inspired by the incompatibility between conventional banks and Islamic teachings based on the Qur'an and al-Hadith. Islamic economists are trying to replace and improve the traditional system of banking that has developed rapidly with the Islamic banking system. The establishment of Mit Ghamr marked the emergence of Islamic banking. Since then, many Islamic banks have been established and have proliferated. The primary purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the historical development of the Islamic banking system in various countries. Thus, this research can provide further information for Muslim economic actors as a guide in carrying out economic activities, especially those related to banking. This study using the historical analysis method and at the end of this paper, confirm that the Islamic banking system was preceded by applying a profit-sharing approach to avoid interest in banking. The development of Islamic banks cannot be separated from the efforts made by the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), which since 1970 has issued many recommendations and encouraged its member countries to improve the people's economy in their respective countries. Then, Islamic banks developed in various countries,

The term Islamization is defined in various manner by different Muslim intellectuals.There are more than twenty Muslim scholars who defined the phrase IOCHK with different connotations, concepts, and theories that one may be complementary to the other and may also opposing one another. This article attempts to analyse and classify the definition of IOCHK based on the scientific research program of Imre Lakatos and the theory of scientific paradigm of Thomas Kuhn. According to them, there are three pivotal aspects of science: namely Hard Core, Hypothesis and series of theories. The researcher will apply the method of content analysis by comparing, contrasting and classifying different aspects. Using an analytical approach, this paper concludes that there are three main objects of IOCHK: Worldview, Paradigm and Theories or Branch of Knowledge. In addition, the researcher also attempts to resolve the problem of the definition of IOCHK. This could also remove some misunderstandings and unfounded criticisms designated by other Muslim scholars.

Equity crowdfunding is a new innovation in finance, which is an external product of financial technology, by combining financial systems with information technology. Equity crowdfunding is a combination of investment business model with information technology, where meetings between investors and fund managers are conducted online through websites on this platform. Crowdfunding equity platform is now growing rapidly and is very popular among the community, due to some of the facilities offered by the platform organizers for service users. Therefore, further research needs to be done on this business practice, which covers all aspects of the mechanisms and systems on this platform. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanisms and systems of all aspects of the investment cooperation agreement model applied on the equity crowdfunding platform. The intended aspects include the mechanism of agreement (contract), profit sharing system, user protection, stock trading mechanism, dispute resolution, risk management, and so on. Furthermore, it aims to determine its compliance with Islamic law and the positive laws that apply in Indonesia. Investment agreements on equity crowdfunding platform can be implemented in mudharabah agreement, meanwhile, the agreement between the crowdfunding service provider and the crowdfunding user can use the wakalah bil ujrah contract. The percentage to revenue ratio Muhammad Irkham Firdaus, et.al Journal AL-IKTISAB can use the profit and loss distribution system and the revenue distribution system according to the agreement. Equity crowdfunding platform should really pay attention to consumer protection in accordance with the provisions in accordance with POJK and hifdzul maal theory. In addition, it must carry out risk management to minimize the occurrence of losses for some parties, and create a dispute resolution mechanism in accordance with Islamic law and economic law.

Money is a medium of exchange in economic activities that always changes from time to time, both in form, intrinsic value, and extrinsic value. Electronic money (e-money) is currently emerging, which is used as a means of micro-payments that can process payments more quickly, easily, efficiently, and safely. The research objective is to discuss the implementation of muamalah fiqh contracts in electronic money transactions. This type of research is qualitative research with library methods. The results of this study show that electronic money transactions in fiqh muamalah are legally permissible or permissible as long as they do not conflict with the principles of Islamic law. Muamalah fiqh contracts implemented in electronic money transactions are divided into two. The first is between the issuer and the holder of electronic money using a wadiah contract and a qard contract. Second, the publisher and organizer use ijarah, sell, and wakalah bil ujrah contracts. In conclusion, electronic money transactions (e-money) can use fiqh muamalah contracts.