No abstract

With the uncontrolled spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), development and distribution of antiviral drugs and vaccines have gained tremendous importance. This study focused on two viral proteases namely main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) to identify which of these are essential for viral replication. We screened 102 secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 isolated from 36 terrestrial plants and 36 marine organisms from Indonesian biodiversity. These organisms are typically presumed to have antiviral effects, and some of them have been used as an immunomodulatory activity in traditional medicine. For the molecular docking procedure to obtain Gibbs free energy value (∆G), toxicity, ADME and Lipinski, AutoDock Vina was used. In this study, five secondary metabolites, namely corilagin, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, proanthocyanidins, and isovitexin, were found to inhibit ACE-2, Mpro, and PLpro receptors in SARS-CoV-2, with a high affinity to the same sites of ptilidepsin, remdesivir, and chloroquine as the control molecules. This study was delimited to molecular docking without any validation by simulations concerned with molecular dynamics. The interactions with two viral proteases and human ACE-2 may play a key role in developing antiviral drugs for five active compounds. In future, we intend to investigate antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of action by in vitro study.

No abstract

Sea cucumber is marine commodity widely distributed throughout Indonesian waters, Indonesia exported sea cucumber to Hongkong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia and Australia. This study aims to characterize sea cucumber, determine the antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are cultivated in the pond for 12 months, with the weight and size average 160.9 grams, and 15.3 cm at harvest. The sea cucumbers were characterized by measuring their proximate and heavy metals content. The samples were extracted using water at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and soxhletation with 70% ethanol. Furthermore, the antibacterial analysis was tested on three bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli and antioxidants were analyzed using the ABTS method. The results showed that the sea cucumber protein content was 78.77%, fat content was 1.66%, and carbohydrate was 3.80%. Heavy metal content of cultivated sea cucumbers, including as 1.12 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 mg/kg, Ni, Hg, and Cd were not detected. Antibacterial test results showed all the extract of sea cucumber could not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The best antioxidant activity was found in dried sea cucumbers extracted using the soxhletation method with IC50 value 62.72 μg/mL.

Kolagen merupakan komponen protein utama yang terdapat dalam teripang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu melakukan ekstraksi dan karakterisasi parsial kolagen larut asam dari teripang pasir (Holothuria scabra). Kolagen teripang diperoleh melalui dua tahap yaitu pemisahan protein nonkolagen menggunakan NaOH 0,1 M dan ekstraksi kolagen dengan menggunakan CH3COOH 0,1 M. Karakterisasi terhadap kolagen hasil ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan viskometer dan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki rendemen sebesar 3,2% (bobot kering) dengan viskositas sebesar 0,9806 mPa.s. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan adanya beberapa gugus fungsi, yaitu amida A, B, 1, II, dan III berturut-turut pada bilangan gelombang 3477 cm-1, 2933 cm‑1, 1659 cm-1, 1552 cm-1, dan 1342 cm-1.