Background: Understanding patient pathways can help align patient preferences and tuberculosis (TB) related services. We investigated patient pathways, and diagnostic and treatment delays among TB patients in Indonesia, which has one of the highest proportions of non-notified TB cases globally. Methods: We conducted a study of TB patients recruited from Community Health Centers (CHCs), public and private hospitals, and private practitioners from 2017 to 2019 in Bandung City, regarding general characteristics and symptoms, and health-seeking, diagnostic and treatment pathways. Findings: We recruited 414 TB patients: 138 (33%) in CHCs, 210 (51%) in hospitals, 66 (20%) in private practitioners. Most patients (74 •6%) first sought care at an informal or private provider and experienced a complex pathway visiting both public and private providers to obtain a diagnosis. The median number of health provider visits pre-diagnosis was 6 (IQR 4-8). From start of symptoms, it took a median 30 days (IQR 14-61) to present to a health provider, 62 days to reach a TB diagnosis, and 65 days (IQR 37-119) to start treatment. Patient delay was longer among male, lowly-educated and uninsured individuals. There were longer diagnostic delays among uninsured individuals, those who initially visited private providers, and those with multiple visits prior to diagnosis. Longer treatment delays were found in those with multiple pre-diagnosis visits or diagnosed by private practitioners. Interpretation: Patient pathways in Indonesia are complex, involving the public and private sector, with multiple visits and long delays, especially to diagnosis. A widely available accurate diagnostic test for TB could have a dramatic effect on reducing delays, onward transmission and mortality.

Costs related to tuberculosis (TB) can impose a significant burden on patients and their families and create barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Our study aimed to quantify out-of-pocket costs expended by TB patients in Bandung, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study recruited adults with TB from community health centers (CHCs), public and private hospitals, and private practitioners (PPs). An interview was completed at the time of diagnosis or at their return for 2-or 6-month treatment. Costs were converted to U.S. dollars (US$)-presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Of 469 TB patients recruited, the mean age was 38 years and 57% were male. The median pretreatment direct cost per person was $37.51 ). Hospitalization, diagnostic tests, and travel costs were predominant. Higher pretreatment costs were associated with no health insurance

AbstrakLuas lahan sawah di Indonesia semakin sempit dengan maraknya pembangunan perumahan dan gedung-gedung. Hal ini berakibat pada ketersediaan produksi pangan yang semakin rendah dan harus mengimpor beras dari negara lain. Dengan mengklasterkan lahan sawah dapat digunakan sebagai evaluasi untuk meningkatkan produksi pangan di Indonesia sehingga kegiatan impor beras dapat terminimalisi. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengelompokan lahan sawah adalah metode Fuzzy C-Means. Implementasi program pada matlab dengan data training dan data testing. Pada program Fuzzy C-Means tersebut menghasilkan tiga kelompok/cluster data, yaitu luas lahan sawah luas, sedang, dan sempit. Hasil pengklusteran, wilayah yang paling berpotensi dalam produksi pangan dari lahan sawah adalah Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Barat. Kata kunci: Lahan sawah, Evaluasi, Fuzzy C-Means AbstractThe number of rice field in Indonesia is decreasing due to development of residential areas and buildings. Consequently, it reduces foodstuff availability and government should import it from other. Increasing food production and minimizing imported food can be started by clustering fields as an evaluation. This clustering is approached by Fuzzy C-Means. Training and Testing data are implemented on Matlab and yield three categories, wide, medium and narrow field. Moreover, the most potential field is East Java, Central Java, and West Java.

Abstract. Orthorhombic structure of rare earth perovskite-type oxide LaFeO 3 nanoparticles with light absorption properties in the visible range was prepared by co-precipitation method. The prepared nanoparticles was characterized by several measurements such as X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, field emission scanning electron microscope, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Methylene blue was taken as the model pollutant to evaluate its photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, photosonocatalytic degradation in the presence of LaFeO 3 nanoparticles. The degradation of methylene blue followed the pseudo-first order model in all three processes. The observed rate constants indicate that the photosonocatalytic was faster than the respective individual. Radical scavenger experiments revealed that holes were the predominant oxidative species involved in all three processes.

The present study compares the photocatalytic decolorization ability of Fe-doped ZnO modified both natural zeolite and montmorillonite towards aqueous solution of organic dyes such as methylene blue and methyl orange under UV light irradiation. Both photocatalysts were synthesized using co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier-transform infrared absorption, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that the photocatalytic efficiency is better in the presence of montmorillonite compared to natural zeolite.