Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. M. haemolytica serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between M. haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with M. haemolytica infection among small ruminants.

Mannheimia (formerly known as Pasteurella) haemolytica is the causative agent of cattle and sheep pneumonic pasteurellosis (mannheimiosis), which is an infection that causes significant financial losses to the cattle, sheep and goat sectors with climatic and animal management factors participating in their pathogenesis (Zamri-Saad et al., 1994; Chung et al., 2015; Jesse et al., 2019). Pasteurella and Mannheimia species are nonmotile, non-spore-forming,

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Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a member of the genus lentivirus causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE), a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, joints, udder and central nervous system of small ruminants such as sheep and goats. CAE is distributed worldwide and is recognised as a significant cause of morbidity and decreased milk production in dairy goats. Earlier studies highlighted the clinicopathological features and supplied preliminary serological evidence for the existence of CAE among selected goat herds in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to provide further insights into the seroprevalence and contributing factors of CAE among sheep and goat herds in two states of Peninsular Malaysia. The blood samples and biodata were randomly collected from a total of 262 individual sheep (40) and goat (222) in seven smallholder farms. Blood sera were tested for specific anti-CAEV antibodies using Qayee-Bio CAEV sandwich-ELISA test kits according to standard procedures. Our results of the study revealed 21.4% (95% CI: 15.8–28.6) apparent and 20.6% (95% CI: 14.5–27.8) true seroprevalence with significant differences (p < 0.05) in seroconversion rates between the states, farms, production systems and breeds of small ruminants. The prevalence of CAE in the Malaysian Peninsular is a potential threat to the small ruminant industry and developing agricultural economy. Further studies are required to determine the genetic characteristics, distribution and risk factors of CAEV for effective prevention and control in Malaysia.

T he domestic water buffalo is further classified into swamp and river type buffalo that are mostly used for beef and milk production respectively. For example, Murrah buffaloes are higher milk producers compared to the dairy cow in the tropical climate (Abd El-Salam and El-Shibiny, 2011). Agreeing to Jesse et al. (2018), inefficient disease prevention and control is one of the main factor contributing to the gap in the dairy and beef industry including buffalo. In cattle and buffaloes, B. abortus and B. melitensis are the two main species of brucellosis causing reproductive problems in both female and male animals (Asinamai et al., 2018). Affected animals may show sign of abortion in the last trimester of gestation in females and testicular abscesses or orchitis in males (Sousa et al., 2017). Johne's disease or also known as paratuberculosis is a wasting, chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting domestic ruminants including cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, and camels. The causative agent is Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, a gram-positive and slow-growing acid-fast bacillus (Manning, 2011). Therefore, the purpose of the present veteri-Short Communication Abstract | This case report describes a veterinary clinical case of brucellosis concurrent with Johne's disease in a buffalo bull that highlight the clinical and diagnostic management of the case. A 3-year-old Murrah buffalo bull weighing 250 kg with a body condition score of 2 out of 5 was presented with the primary complaint of decreasing body weight for the past one month. The most obvious signs observed during physical examinations were emaciation with prominent bony structures and enlargement of the scrotum. Upon palpation, the testicles were firm in consistency and warm. The differential diagnoses at that point of time were brucellosis, Johne's disease, and Fascioliasis. The biochemical finding revealed hyperglobulinaemia (55.5 g/L) and the Rose Bengal Plate Test showed result of agglutination with the serum sample. Bacteriology finding demonstrated a positive result for acid-fast bacillus using the Ziehl-Neelsen's stain method. Based on the history, physical examinations, and diagnosis work-ups, the buffalo bull was diagnosed infected with brucellosis concurrent with Johne's disease infection. The prognosis of the case was grave and the animal was not treated due to the test-and-slaughter policy in Malaysia to control brucellosis. The farmer was advised to screen all animals on his farm as prevention and control for both diseases.