Cellulose is a versatile polymer which can be extracted from various agricultural waste. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibre (SPF) is one of potential cellulose source. The cellulose extraction from SPF was conducted by alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (10%) and peroxide treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution (5, 10, 15%). The alkaline treatment was supposed to remove most of hemicellulose and some of lignin. The following peroxide treatment aimed to remove remaining lignin. The results of each step were analyzed its composition, visual appearances, colour and morphological aspect. The results showed that increasing of H2O2 solution concentration not only tends to increase cellulose content and whiteness but also reduce the diameter size of fibre which indicates the removal of impurities (hemicellulose and lignin) from the fibre. In conclusion, cellulose was successfully extracted from SPF by alkaline treatment followed by peroxide treatments which the best result was in condition of 15% H2O2 solution concentration.

No abstract

Abstract. Bintaro fruit (Cerbera manghas) contains 36.945 of cellulose and 38% of lignin which is potential as a source of raw material for making bioethanol. The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of formula in producing bioethanol by the process of bintaro. The methods used in this research are pretreatment, delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Pretreatment was performed by subcooling the substrate at 80 0 C followed by milling it up to 60 mesh. Delignification was performed by soaking the substrate in 100 0 C of 1N NaOH and 1 barr for 30 minutes. Hydrolysis was carried out with sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4) variations of 5.5%, 6.0%, and 6.5% at 120 0 C for 60 minutes. Fermentation with Zymomonas in variation of 1%, 3%, and 5% at room temperature for 3 days. The fermented filtrate was distilled at 73 0 C to obtain ethanol and tested the levels of ethanol with chromatography gas. The results showed that the highest levels of ethanol is 9.977% resulted from 6.5% of sulfuric acid hydrolysis and 5% of Zymomonas mobilis fermentation. The high levels of ethanol is supported by qualitative test result of the presence of reducing sugars with fehling yielding of 7002 ppm red brick tested quantitatively by nelson somogyi method. In conclusion, the level of bioethanol produced is directly proportional to the increased concentration of sulfuric acid and Zymomonas mobilis. The conclusion is levels of bioethanol produced is directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid and Zymomonas mobilis is used.

No abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan salah satu bakteri Gram negatif penyebab infeksi nosokomial yang memiliki resistensi tinggi terhadap berbagai antibiotik karena adanya lipid A, komponen LPS bersifat toksik pada inang. Sintesis lipid A dimulai dari Kdo 2 -lipid A, difasilitasi oleh enzim LpxC. Enzim LpxC merupakan target pengembangan antibiotik karena adanya kofaktor Zn 2+ . Bawang putih tunggal merupakan herbal potensial pengganti antibiotik sintetis. Alliin, Allicin dan Ajoene yang terkandung dalam bawang putih tunggal memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi potensi senyawa organosulfur bawang putih tunggal sebagai agen antibakteri melalui virtual screening menggunakan metode molecular docking. Metode yang dilakukan adalah memprediksi potensi senyawa organosulfur menggunakan web server PASS dan melakukan docking untuk mengetahui interaksi ligan-protein target. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, senyawa organosulfur berpotensi sebagai antibakteri, antibiotik, dan immunomodulator. Aktivitas antibakteri terbaik ditunjukkan oleh senyawa Alliin dengan nilai afinitas pengikatan -5,2 kkal/mol. Semua senyawa organosulfur memiliki sisi aktif yang sama dengan kontrol (Ciprofloxacin dan Imipenem) pada enzim LpxC. Sisi aktif ditunjukkan dengan adanya residu asam amino (Ser295, Val182, dan Tyr 296) yang berikatan dengan ikatan hidrogen dan interaksi hidrofobik (Phe152,