Limited land in the downtown area as well as the increasing amount of new activities centre causes residential development leads to North Balikpapan. This area is an urban fringe with vast protected forests as buffer zone and catchment area for the city and surrounding area. Land conversion in this area will increase hazard risk of inundation, water quality decrease and increased CO2 emissions. Therefore, development should be maintained environmental stability. One of the rights applicated approach is carbon footprint that is capable to measure the balance between production and absorption needs of CO2 emissions. To find the optimal land allocation, we used carbon footprint calculation from the household activities, identify the factors of settlement growth, and use Linear Programming analysis. Analysis’ results show that settlement activities in North Balikpapan produce 108.362,4 tCO2/year or equivalent with 618,50 Ha green space. Meanwhile, the development of settlement in North Balikpapan is affected by social demographic, developer initiative, environmental condition, public facilities availability, economical structure, and policy factors. According to those factors, optimal allocation of settlement area in North Balikpapan is only about 4,510.01 Ha. With that condition, it still able to absorb CO2 emissions from inside or outside the area around 2.751 tCO2/year.

Involving local communities in ecosystem service research can improve the relevance, quality and, ultimately, the outcomes of natural resource management. Local engagement can also contribute to solutions to ecosystem management challenges by diversifying the range of options and contextualizing their applicability. The benefits to local communities of ecosystem service-based policies relative to other interventions, such as oil palm development, are, therefore, best understood from the perspectives of the local communities themselves. We used observations, focus group discussions, and interviews in four villages along the Belayan River, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to explore how local communities in different oil palm development contexts perceive Ecosystem Services (ES). The main livelihood activity differed across these villages, which were either fishing, oil palm smallholder communities, or forest-dependent communities. Perceptions about ES varied across villages, though three services were perceived to be crucial in all four villages, namely fish provision, water quality, and land availability. These services can be a common concern entry point for discussions on landscape management. Despite common recognition of the negative impacts of oil palm development on these crucial services, all communities are nevertheless choosing to expand oil palm. Communities identified a wide array of direct and indirect drivers underlying this trend, including social influence, financial capital, ecological factors, and subsidies from local government. Early engagement of local policymakers, oil palm companies, and local communities is essential to the maintenance of crucial and widely recognized ecosystem services in oil palm landscapes.

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This research title is “The Differences of Self-Confidence in Speaking Between Students Joining and Not Joining EDSA At Universitas Ahmad Dahlan”. This study conducted to describe the differences of self-confidence in speaking between students who join and who do not join EDSA. This research uses descriptive research. The method of this research is qualitative and quantitative methods. The population of this research are English department students in the fourth semester that joining at speaking class, they are consisting of 46 students totally. The sample of this research used non-random sampling, the researcher used 15 students who join EDSA and 15 students who do not join EDSA, 30 students totally. In collecting data, the researcher uses observation, interview and questionnaires technique. The researcher did observation with several techniques, the first is joining the class, taking a photo in the class and then giving a checklist on the observation paper based on the situation in the class. The researcher recorded the interview data. In the questionnaires, the researcher makes twenty-two items statement and used Likert scale. The result of this research shows that the level of self-confidence in speaking of students who do not join EDSA is classified into fair category. The level of self-confidence in speaking of students who join EDSA is classified into very good category. The result of T-test in inferential analysis there is significant differences of self-confidence in speaking between students joining and not joining EDSA at Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, because t value is 8.816 > 0.05. The description of the difference of self-confidence in speaking between students who join EDSA and students who do not join EDSA can be seen from interview and observation conducted by researcher. Self-confidence in speaking of the students who join EDSA have higher score than the students who do not join EDSA. Keywords: Self-Confidence, Speaking, Self-Confidence in Speaking, EDSA