Dalam era moden ini kemajuan ilmu sains dan teknologi menjadi semakin pesat kerana munculnya pelbagai penemuan yang banyak memberi manfaat kepada manusia. Hampir semua aspek kehidupan manusia berkait rapat dengan sains dan teknologi. Jika dibandingkan penemuan teknologi tersebut, perkembangan teknologi dalam bidang perubatan dilihat sangat memberangsangkan. Melalui pengetahuan dan penggunaan teknologi perubatan yang sangat maju, maka diagnosis mengenai suatu penyakit dapat dilakukan dengan lebih sempurna. Hasilnya rawatan penyakit dapat dipraktikkan secara lebih efektif. Bahkan perhitungan saat kematian penderita penyakit tertentu dapat dilakukan secara lebih tepat. Kini, hasil daripada perkembangan dan kemajuan dalam bidang sains dan teknologi terutamanya kemajuan dalam bidang perubatan, nyawa manusia telah dapat dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan ubatan atau alat pernafasan moden. Manusia seakan-akan dapat menentukan sama ada ingin mematikan atau menghidupkan seseorang pesakit. Dengan perkembangan teknologi dalam bidang perubatan ini, tidak mustahil ia bakal mengundang masalah yang rumit. Keadaan ini menimbulkan beberapa isu tentang kematian yang dikaitkan dengan euthanasia yang bermakna kematian dengan aman tanpa kesakitan. Euthanasia boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa kategori iaitu euthanasia aktif, euthanasia pasif, voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia dan involuntary euthanasia. Dalam Islam misalnya, kepercayaan bahawa kehidupan dan kematian manusia adalah ditentukan oleh Allah dan manusia tidak menpunyai hak untuk menamatkan hidupnya sendiri. Jelaslah isu euthanasia menerima bantahan yang tegas daripada para ulama dan syariah Islamiah. Oleh itu, isu euthanasia bukan melibatkan kebajikan pesakit sahaja tetapi juga melibatkan sensitiviti ahli keluarga, ahli perubatan, agama dan lain-lain. Dengan ini, isu euthanasia harus diuruskan secara teliti supaya ia tidak menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan masyarakat.
Our country imported rice to sustain demand from the public. In Malaysia 2 types of rice are grown; wetland rice which is widely cultivated while upland rice is cultivated on a smaller scale mostly by farmers in Sabah and Sarawak. Through plant biotechnology, micropropagation method via tissue culture and quantitative breeding traits are able to contribute to research on upland rice in Malaysia. Prior to the establishment of efficient in vitro propagation of upland rice, study on embryogenic callus induction is crucial. Our findings showed that NAA was not suitable for callus induction. Nevertheless, the highest callus induction was observed when cultivars Wai (75%) and Panderas (90%) were cultured on MSB5 media supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D. Furthermore, addition of 20 g/L sorbitol had increased callus induction of 70% and 80% for Wai and Panderas, respectively. In other assessment, comparative study on ex vitro quantitative breeding trait showed that the height of plants without any fertilizer treatment were higher than commercial EM-treated plant. Rice plant treated with EM commercial soil had the shortest height and eventually died. However, rice planted with commercial EM produced the highest number of grains per panicle, shorter maturity period as compared to control.
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