RESUMEN La formación de radicales libres mediante procesos naturales conduce a la oxidación de biomoléculas, dando lugar a diversas enfermedades. Los organismos fotosintéticos están expuestos a ambientes muy oxidativos, por lo que poseen un sistema antioxidante muy eficaz. Presentamos en este trabajo un sencillo método para la extracción y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de los polifenoles de algas marinas. La concentración de polifenoles se determina siguiendo el método de Folin-Ciocalteu, y la medición de la actividad antioxidante se realiza por el método del DPPH. INTRODUCCIÓN La excesiva oxidación de biomoléculas da lugar a diversos daños en el organismo (1). Así, un exceso de radicales libres se ha relacionado con una mayor incidencia de diversas enfermedades degenerativas (1) como cáncer, enfermedades cardiacas, inflamación, artritis, disfunción cerebral, aceleración del envejecimiento (2), etc. El mecanismo por el que los radicales libres producen sus efectos transcurre mediante una reacción radicalaria, en la que se forman especias reactivas oxigenadas, que son los que producen los efectos nocivos. Este proceso se ve favorecido por la presencia de oxígeno y de luz ultravioleta, que inicia la formación de radicales libres. La utilización de antirradicales permite que no se produzcan las especies reactivas oxigenadas (por esto, también se les suele llamar antioxidantes), de forma que se impiden las consecuencias de su actividad (3,4). Estos antirradicales actúan principalmente en reacciones de terminación de cadenas de radicales libres. Impidiendo la oxidación de lípidos y otras moléculas cediendo átomos de hidrógeno de forma que se neutralizan los radicales libres. La naturaleza ofrece una gran oportunidad para el descubrimiento de nuevos compuestos naturales con diversas actividades (5), especialmente en aquellas zonas con una gran flora autóctona (6). Las plantas y algas marinas están sometidas a una intensa radiación ultravioleta y una alta concentración de oxígeno en su entorno. Pero los efectos nocivos de los radicales libres producidos en estas condiciones, son neutralizados por antioxidantes naturales (7). En esta práctica se pretende estudiar la actividad antioxidante de algas marinas, ya que es bien conocido que las algas pardas (Phaeophyta) poseen altas concentraciones de compuestos
Apis mellifera bees obtain propolis by adding wax and salivary secretions to resinous, gummy or balsamic materials collected from various plant sources. Its chemical composition depends on many factors (type of bee, flora accessed, environment, management, season, vegetation and geographical area of collection). In the hive, the bees use propolis to consolidate structural components, varnish inside the cells and prevent vibrations. Propolis is known for its antibacterial, fungicidal, antiviral, anesthetic, antiulcer, immunostimulating, hypotensive, cytostatic, and antioxidant properties, the essential oil of Apis mellifera propolis, collected in Falcon state, was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger trap (0.06% yield). The oil was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS) in an HP GC-MS System Model 5973. Twentythree compounds were identified (93.6%), of which the three major compounds were germacrene D (26.5%), βcaryophyllene (10.2%) and β-elemene (8.1%).
In this paper, preliminary studies on the chemical characterization of Phthirusa adunca Meyer essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, is presented. The separation of the components was performed by GC-MS. Twenty-three compounds (94.5% of the sample) were identified of which the three major ones (76% of the sample) were β-phellandrene (38.1%), germacrene D (26.8%) and β-pinene (11.5%). The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of activity against Salmonella Typhi CDC 57 (100 g/mL), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (200 g/mL), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (250 g/mL), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (500 g/mL). This is the first report on the composition and activity of the essential oil of this species.
In Venezuela, are currently exploring new sources of natural antibacterial agents, due to increased bacterial resistance, including essential oils derived from plants. For this reason in the present study we determined the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from leaves collected on Ambrosia peruviana Willd Guasdualito, Apure State, Venezuela. The volatile compounds were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger trap and then subjected to qualitative analysis and quantitative by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS) on an HP GC-MS System, model 5973, finding as the major compound gamma-curcumeno (23.99%) followed by curcumeno-ar (14.08%), bornyl acetate (10.35%), camphor (5.03%) and epoxide oximene (4.79%). The antibacterial activity of essential oil by the agar diffusion method with discs against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed activity against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli and S. Typhi, with MIC values of 350-500 micrograms/ mL. This research represents the first report of antibacterial activity of A. peruviana.
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