PENDAHULUANArtikel ini berusaha menganalisis respon pemerintahan Indonesia di tingkat lokal terhadap tantangan global masa kini. 1 Pembangunan ekonomi mengalami tantangan global di antaranya kesenjangan pertumbuhan ekonomi, krisis finansial, serta kerusakan lingkungan yang memiliki potensi untuk membahayakan kehidupan masa mendatang.Dalam menghadapi berbagai tantangan tersebut, di tahun 2015, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) menerapkan kebijakan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang termaktub dalam dokumen Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Sustainable Development Goals/SDGs). SDGs berisi 17 landasan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang berlaku mulai tahun
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the barriers in public policy faced by the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a creative economy at the local level. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a qualitative case study method, and the informants are selected with a purposive sampling technique. The researchers collected data through in-depth interviews of 15 informants. The informants include local government officials, SME actors and creative economy activists. Data are analyzed using thematic analysis in the qualitative method. Findings This study shows that the development of SMEs in the creative economy is constrained by the mindset and administrative behavior of the local policymakers who tend to be normative, routine-minded and inflexible. Consequently, the local government’s administrative capacity in the creative economy sector has not demonstrated significant support for efforts to increase the competitiveness of creative economies at the regional level. Research limitations/implications Research implications suggest how the findings may be important for the policy and practice of SMEs’ development of a creative economy at the local level. The findings suggest that local government needs to engage with the actors and activists of SMEs in the strategic formulation for the development of a creative economy. Originality/value This study extends the theoretical and practical knowledge about policy implementation of SMEs’ development by a local government in the creative economy sector in Indonesia.
AbstrakMakalah ini membahas kebijakan Indonesia sebagai sebuah negara maritim dalam menghadapi persoalan migrasi tidak teratur, khususnya disini yang berdampak pada pencari suaka dan pengungsi lintas batas. Isu migrasi tidak teratur masih merupakan persoalan yang dihadapi oleh negara maritim yang memiliki akses terbuka berupa laut yang menjadi jalur utama perjalanan migran menuju negara tujuan. Sebagai negara yang terletak di jalur pelayaran utama dunia, di tengah tengah benua Australia dan Asia, Indonesia seringkali dihadapkan pada persoalan ini dimana Indonesia menjadi jalur atau negara transit pengungsi dan pencari suaka yang kebanyakan datang dari wilayah Timur Tengah dan Asia Selatan. Menurut data UNHCR, saat ini terdapat sekitar 13 ribu pengungsi dan pencari suaka di Indonesia, dan jumlah ini meningkat dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Indonesia sebagai negara maritim memiliki prinsip bahwa kepulauan dan kelautan Indonesia merupakan satuan pertahanan dan keamanan Indonesia (Zen, 2000, dikutip dari Geomagz, 2016. Namun penting untuk lebih jauh melihat bagaimana prinsip ini memandang hak asasi manusia dalam isu krisis kemanusiaan seperti pengungsi lintas batas dan pencari suaka. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana karakter kemaritiman yang diambil Indonesia berpengaruh terhadap cara Indonesia menyikapi pengungsi lintas batas yang melakukan perjalanan dengan penyelundupan manusia. Makalah ini dibatasi lebih lanjut kepada bentuk kerjasama internasional untuk menangani penyelundupalajan manusia yang diinisiasi oleh atau melibatkan Indonesia. Dari sini kemudian ditarik kesimpulan mengenai hambatan pemenuhan hak pengungsi lintas batas dalam sistem internasional yang berdasarkan kedaulatan negara-bangsa.Kata-kata kunci: negar a mar itim, penyelundupan manusia, hak-hak pengungsi lintas batas, pencari suaka. AbstractThis paper discusses the policy of Indonesia as a maritime country in addressing the issue of irregular migration, especially that impact on asylum seekers and refugees.
This paper is aimed at understanding the nexus between the securitization of migration and refugee protection by Indonesia within a regional context. By employing an analysis of the securitization of migration, this paper looks closely into a number of regulations, as well as practices by the government and civil society in Indonesia to identify the main rhetoric regarding migration and the migration of refugees. Furthermore, the recent activities of the government and civil society on a regional level is analysed using the same approach. The findings in this work suggest that the securitization of migration remains through utterances in the regulations and discursively within the actions of the government even when the human rights aspects of refugees are included in regulations or practices. The civil society discussed in this work to some extent has de-securitized refugees in Indonesia. On the regional level, nonetheless, the civil society's contribution to humanitarian aid still has not necessarily challenged a securitization of migration. The paper does not identify all civil society organisations based in Indonesia working in this area, so the discussion does not represent the whole. The implication of refugee rights is indicated through the recent situations of refugees in the region. Their remaining vulnerability to detention and poor living conditions indicate that securitization of migration undermines refugee protection in the region.
This paper is concerned on the interlinking politics in refugee protection and humanitarian intervention as well as the trends of developments in refugee protection that has been undermined especially in a number of developed countries. In international protections, sovereignty always appear as a major debate since protections involve interference by external forces (in humanitarian intervention) or arrivals of external populations (in refugee protection). The sense of responsibility, referring to the political willingness to provide protection or assistance have been influenced by the understanding on sovereignty. The aim of this paper is to explain how the concepts have been contested through practices of refugee protection and responsibility to protect. In order to demonstrate the issue of sovereignty and responsibility at hand, this paper departs from the discussion of the two concepts as found in the historical accounts of the protection regimes which are refugee protection and the humanitarian intervention. The following part discusses the recent development of the two regimes of international protection. Within each part, the notion of sovereignty and responsibility are assessed from the practices of the two regimes. From the discussion, it can be understood that the ways these concepts were produced and contested reflect the presence of a bigger framework namely politics of human rights which tend to be dominated by the interests of big political power. Keywords: sovereignty, responsibility, human rights, refugee protection, humanitarian intervention, responsibility to protect. AbstrakTulisan ini ingin mendalami keterkaitan politik HAM dalam perkembangan perlindungan pengungsi lintas batas dan intervensi kemanusiaan serta dampaknya berupa kecenderungan membatasi laju pengungsi di sejumlah negara maju. Dalam perlindungan internasional, kedaulatan selalu muncul sebagai debat utama karena perlindungan masyarakat terdampak melibatkan keterlibatan kekuatan/militer eksternal (dalam intervensi kemanusiaan) atau kedatangan populasi eksternal (dalam perlindungan pengungsi). Rasa tanggung jawab, merujuk kepada kemauan politis untuk memberikan perlindungan atau bantuan, dipengaruhi oleh bagaimana kedaulatan ini dipahami. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah menjelaskan bagaimana kedaulatan dan tanggung jawab dikontestasi melalui praktek perlindungan pengungsi lintas batas dan intervensi kemanusiaan. Untuk menunjukkan isu kedaulatan dan tanggung jawab, tulisan ini berangkat dari pembahasan mengenai kedua konsep yang terdapat dalam sejarah dari rezim perlindungan pengungsi lintas batas dan intervensi kemanusiaan. Bagian berikutnya membahas perkembangan dari dua rezim internasional perlindungan bagi masyarakat terdampak. Di bagian ini, gagasan kedaulatan dan tanggung jawab harus dipelajari dari praktek-praktek dua rezim perlindungan internasional tersebut. Dari diskusi yang ada, dapat dipahami bahwa konsep yang diproduksi dan dikontestasi merupakan bagian dari kerangka yang lebih besar yaitu politik HAM yang cenderung masih didominasi oleh kepentingan kelompok negara dengan kekuatan politik yang besar. Kata-Kata Kunci: kedaulatan, tanggung jawab, politik HAM, perlindungan pengungsi lintas batas, intervensi kemanusiaan.
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