Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that has been designated by UNESCO. Batik industry is one of the industries that applies the synthetic dyes, beside natural ones which have long been used in producing Batik particularly in the modern production. The purpose of this research investigated heavy metals on workers in batik industry, which focuses on dermal detection as portal of entry. Samples of dermal intake of workers were examined with cross-sectional approach, while non-worker samples of resident living surrounding the industry were used as control. Dermal intake on workers and non-workers were examined using Patch Filter. Heavy metals content of the synthetic dyes used in the batik production and those in the patch filter which was attached to worker's skin during sampling period were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method. The XRF measurement result of the synthetic dyes shows a detection of several heavy metals including Cu and Zn as the highest detected concentration, while the XRF measurement of the patch filter detects several heavy metal contents, which include Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb. The highest detected heavy metal concentration found in the patch filter were Cu, Zn and Ni. Meanwhile, the highest detected heavy metal concentration of Pb was found in workers in the stamping process. The result indicates that highest Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were found in workers of dyeing process compared to those in other processing stages.

The Citarum River Estuary is an area where mixing among seawater and freshwater occurs since directly connected with the Java Sea. The different condition in estuary will affect heavy metal concentrations in the dissolved phase and suspended/deposited in sediment phase. In this study, fates and distributions from Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were analyzed along 2 km from estuary mouth. Samples were analyzed by Flame AAS. The study began with water/sediment quality assessments, and fate and distribution analyses with Adsorption Capacity Indices (ACI), Dissolved Transport Indice (DTI), Koc, Kow, spatial distribution in water (3D) and sediment (2D) using MATLAB, and statistical analysis (ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis). In conclusion, heavy metals sequence from the highest pollution level in water were: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd, and in sediment were: Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu. Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn had a tendency to be in sediment compared to water (ACI = 99.69% – 99.89%; DTI = 0.109% – 0.309%), slightly mobile (log Koc = 3.11 – 3.58), and hydrophobic (log Kow = 3.35 – 3.87). Pb and Cd showed significantly different concentrations in water columns (surface/midst/base) (p<0.05), in contrast to Cu and Zn. Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn had insignificant concentration difference based on zone division from estuary mouth, both in water and sediment.

Salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) are parameters that pose an important role in the distributions of environmental pollution substances in the estuary. The difference in salinity, EC, and TDS concentration vertically (based on the depth in the water column) and horizontally (based on the distance from the estuary mouth) will affect the process of pollutant’s transportation and transformation in the estuary. On the other hand, seasonal variations will also affect parameters. Therefore, the information related to the vertical and horizontal profiles of salinity and other parameters based on seasonal variations is necessary to study. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vertical profile and horizontal-vertical of salinity, EC, and TDS concentrations during the rainy season and dry season in the estuary of Citarum River. This research was conducted in April 2018 (rainy season) and August 2018 (dry season) when the low tide. The measurement of salinity, EC, and TDS was directly conducted in the field using a conductivity meter. The results show that the concentration level of salinity, EC, and TDS showed a vertical and horizontal difference in the estuary of the Citarum River. In addition, there are differences in the concentration of salinity, electrical conductivity, TDS in the rainy season and dry season in the estuary of the Citarum River. The level of TDS has a linear relationship between salinity and electrical conductivity, with a value of R2 >95%.

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