Methane (CH4) emission from enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and has become a significant concern for global warming. Enteric methane emission is also associated with poor feed efficiency. Therefore, research has focused on identifying dietary mitigation strategies to decrease CH4 emissions from ruminants. In recent years, plant-derived bioactive compounds have been investigated for their potential to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminant livestock. The organosulphur compounds of garlic have been observed to decrease CH4 emission and increase propionate concentration in anaerobic fermentations (in vitro) and in the rumen (in vivo). However, the mode of action of CH4 reduction is not completely clear, and the response in vivo is inconsistent. It might be affected by variations in the concentration and effect of individual substances in garlic. The composition of the diet that is being fed to the animal may also contribute to these differences. This review provides a summary of the effect of garlic and its bioactive compounds on CH4 emissions by ruminants. Additionally, this review aims to provide insight into garlic and its bioactive compounds in terms of enteric CH4 mitigation efficacy, consistency in afficacy, possible mode of action, and safety deriving data from both in vivo and in vitro studies.

This research was conducted to select, to identify LAB isolates and to investigate the effects of the LAB as probiotics candidate in the rumen fermentation. Nine isolates exhibited the potency as candidate probiotics for cattle. The experiment was arranged in randomized block design with ten treatments and three different times of in vitro as a block. The substrate consisted of 70% forage and 30% concentrate proportion. The substrate was incubated at 39oC using serum bottle of 100 ml capacity for fermentation. Approximately 0.75 g of substrates was put inside the serum bottle glass and filled with 73 ml of buffered rumen fluid and 2 ml of LAB inoculant. Gas production was measured every 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of the incubation period. Gas production kinetic was estimated by the Ørskov’s equation. The LAB with the highest gas production, as probiotics candidate, were identified using partial 16S rDNA sequence. The results of this research indicated that nine LAB produced high gas production in the range of 193-198 ml compare to that of control (173 ml). The addition of LAB in rumen fermentation resulted in digestibility 65-75%, organic matter digestibility 51-73%, and 6.67-6.68 pH. Based on the molecular identification, 8 isolates are Lactobacillus plantarum and 1 of uncultured bacteria. The LAB strain 32 L. plantarum showed the best for a ruminant probiotic candidate based on the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristic.

No abstract

Digestibility is a description of the ability of feed material that can be utilized by livestock. Higher digestibility of feed material means the total amount of feed content that can be digested in the digestive tract. This study aimed to obtain the proportion of the use of fermentation concentrate in rumen fermentation based on in vitro. The feed used consisted of 7 treatments as follows P1 (20% Pennisetum purpureum: 80% concentrate), P2 (30% P.purpureum : 70% concentrate), P3 (40% P.purpureum : 60% concentrate), P4 (50% P.purpureum : 50% concentrate), P5 (20% concentrate: 80% P.purpureum), P6 (30% concentrate: 70% P.purpureum) and P7 (40% concentrate: 60% P.purpureum). Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were done using Theodorou method. Gas production was measured when the samples were incubated at 39oC in the waterbath incubator at hours 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48. Approximately 0.75 g of feed formulation was mixed with 75 mL of rumen fluid buffer. The rumen fluid is taken from 3 fistulated cattles prior to morning feeding. A complete randomized design with three replicates was used. Asymptotic gas production and kinetics were estimated by the Orskov’s model. The results of this study showed that P2 and P3 treatment showed the best digestibility among others treatment with 71.63% ; 71.06% of DMD and 76.42% ; 71.65% of OMD. In conclusion, P2 and P3 treatment can be used as feed for beef cattle.

West Nusa Tenggara province is one potential area for farming of cattle and has been chosen as location for developing a Technopark in Banyumulek. Forage preservation as silage is a program to support the sustainability of forage for beef cattle. Silage was made using whole corn crop and additives of rice bran and Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 as inoculum under a block randomized design. Three treatments were given and 10 replications of each month. Evaluation of silage quality, based on chemical and microbiological analysis, showed that silage making during 3 months in Technopark Banyumulek is good and stable.