Environmental pollution caused by abundant wastes from agricultural activities has increased in recent years because of increased productivity. Agricultural waste recycling has been employed to solve this problem. Coconut shell charcoal (CSC) ash is a by-product of coconut shell (CS) used as a bitumen modifier to enhance the properties of the binder. This study investigated the effect of fineness charcoal ash from CS on the rheological properties of bitumen. Penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests were performed to determine the properties of the binder. Laboratory simulation of aging called rolling thin film oven test was applied in this study. CSC at different sizes (< 75μm, 75–150μm, and 150–300μm) was added to replace bitumen 60/70 PEN at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of the binder, respectively. Result showed that the bitumen became more viscous and that the softening point of bitumen increased, whereas the rate of penetration decreased when CSC was incorporated. CSC at a proper amount improved the resistance of bitumen to temperature susceptibility. In addition, the modification of bitumen can relieve the effect of aging. Modified bitumen shows better result when incorporated with the finest particle (< 75μm) of CSC compared with other sizes.

Illegal parking has become a major problem in Malaysia especially in urban area due to the increased traffic volumes and limited parking space. When the parking facilities are limited, driver factor thus has a significant effect on the formation of traffic congestion. Extensive work has been conducted to address this issue, however most studies did not incorporate the impact of driver behaviour at limited parking condition whereas it is understood that “cruising for parking” at limited parking facilities has a very strong influence on the road traffic jams. Thus, objectives of this study are to analyse drivers’ personality traits which focus on consideration and selfishness traits; and to investigate drivers’ personality traits and their impact on driver parking behaviour in Kuching, Sarawak. Analyzation of driver parking behaviour was based on observational study of driver, vehicle, and situational variables. Experimental intervention then conducted to different age groups of drivers. They were asked to respond to questions that related to the driver parking behaviour characteristic. Analyses of the data reported in this study revealed that most of the drivers are considerate enough but they become a selfish person when confront with difficult situation at the parking space and their action sometimes are susceptible to illegal parking. The findings significantly beneficial to the traffic engineer, policy maker and researcher in enhancing parking control and management system.

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