This study was aimed to investigate the effects of contrast ratios, colour elements, and polarities on visual acuity measurements. The visual acuities of 18 subjects were measured using 6 different modifications of the Landolt C chart in a 4-metre LogMAR design: ( Comparative analysis was performed to examine the effects of the three aforementioned parameters on visual acuity measurements. The visual acuities were found to be significantly different between the contrast ratios of 0.5 and 0.8, regardless of whether colour elements were present (blackon-white) or otherwise (yellow-on-green) [Friedman test:  2 (3) = 24.24, p < 0.05]. Interestingly, the LogMAR score was found to be significantly different between the yellow-on-green and black-on-yellow chart designs when the contrast ratio remained constant at 0.8 [Wilcoxon signed-rank test: z = 2.950, p < 0.05]. However, the effect of contrast polarity (positive/ negative) on visual acuity was not significant when the contrast ratio was fixed at 0.8 [Wilcoxon signed-rank test: z = 0.318, p > 0.05]. A lower contrast ratio and midrange wavelength colour reduced visual acuity. The effect of contrast polarity without colour elements on visual acuity was negligible.

The study aimed to perform field of human’s view analysis to predict the visual interference of drivers from street lights positioning. A concentric circle with 13 quadrants was superimposed onto a photograph taken at the reference point for the field of human's view analysis. Visual interference from  light source located close to fovea would be most disturbing and gradually reduced to the peripheral. From the field of driver's view analysis superimposed with real-scenario photos, none of the street light sources was found to fall within the fovea ring. The visual interference from street lights was negligible from the driver's view.  Keywords: Visual interference; streetlight; visual field; field of view. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.2580

Our study aimed to explore the effect of positive and negative polarities on visual acuity measurements by utilizing black and white as a text against background with three distinct colours. Visual acuity was recorded as logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) using the detection of the gap in a four-position Landolt-C. The 2x3 (polarity x background color) two way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction between polarity and colour background on visual resolution [F (2, 16) = 23.704, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.744]. Among the three primary background colour, shorter-wavelength (blue background) showed statistically significant findings between both positive and negative polarity [F (1, 9) = 39.875, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.818].  Visual acuity measurements improved with negative polarity but decreased with positive polarity with blue colour background. However, visual acuity was not statistically significantly different with the green (medium-wavelength) [F (1, 11) = 0.625, p = 0.446, η2 = 0.053] and the red (long-wavelength) backgrounds [F (1, 9) = 4.021, p = 0.856, η2 = 0.000]. In conclusion, black text against shorter-wavelength (blue) background apparently more difficult to be resolved by human eyes compared with white text. These findings suggest colour element might be an advantage for negative polarity colour combinations.

Contact lens complications were mainly caused by improper contact lens hygiene and maintenance. The awareness and education on contact lens care can enhance the positive attitude of the wearers, especially among university students. This study investigated and compared the perceptions of contact lens use and care among university students of different backgrounds. A cross-sectional survey was carried out of 142 university students aged 20 to 25 who wore spectacles or contact lenses. The Perception and Practice of Contact Lens Use Questionnaire was distributed to the participants via an online platform. The perception of contact lens use as an optical device between spectacle and contact lens wearers among health sciences and business management students was statistically significant (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the perception of contact lens awareness of soft contact lens wearers between health sciences and business management students (p>0.05). Results indicated that both groups agreed contact lens complications had the most significant impact on perceptions of contact lens use, followed by the perception in general and cost. Regardless of educational field background, whether health science or business, all contact lens wearers have the same behavioural assessment of contact lens awareness. It is unaffected by the nature of one's education. Hence, it is essential to avoid any problems that can threaten eye health regarding contact lens usage. Proper guidelines and awareness of contact lens use through physician-provided education will help to protect public health. Nonetheless, this study has limitations where the data regarding the refractive error, contact lens type, and method of purchasing contact lenses were not collected. Investigation on the perception of contact lens use in multiracial settings should be considered for a comprehensive approach. This research is believed to contribute to behavioural science knowledge and practice as the conducted behavioural assessment experienced by most university students. Keywords: behaviour, contact lens usage, knowledge, awareness.   eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.3058

The aim of this study was to compare the visibility threshold of eight plates with different chromatic contrast. The staircase psychophysics method based on the resolution of gaps in Landolt C was used to determine the average visibility threshold. Thirty young adults with best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6, normal colour perception and no history of ocular diseases were recruited. The results showed a combination of white on blue background plate gave a highest visibility level (mean=44.48±6.37m), while red on a blue background was the least visible combination (mean=33.30±4.68m). In conclusion, the chromatic contrast of an object can affect the visibility threshold. Keywords: chromatic contrast, visibility threshold