Objectives: To identify ocular trauma trends and to analyze how initial uncorrected visual acuity (VA) is associated with mechanism of injury (MOI) in a referral hospital in Indonesia. Methods: A five-year medical chart review at the Ophthalmology Emergency Department (OED) Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital (DSGAH). The information retrieved included sex, age, laterality involvement, initial uncorrected VA, MOI and management. Sex- and age- adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the relationship between poor initial uncorrected VA and MOI, using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 953 patients consisted of 80.3% males and 19.9% females. Ocular trauma predominantly occurred in 21–30 years age group (20.9%). May and November were found to have the highest average number of monthly patients. Closed globe injuries (80.3%) were more prevalent than open globe injuries (17.7%). The most frequent MOIs were sharp objects (311; 32.6%), followed by blunt objects (236; 24.8%). Most cases (89.2%) displayed unilateral involvement and 54.3% cases showed an initial uncorrected VA of better than 6/18. Compared to road dust, blunt object, sharp object and traffic accident were significantly associated with poor initial VA, with adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 5.24 (2.27-12.10), 4.03 (1.76-9.25) and 8.17 (3.31-20.15), respectively. Conclusions: Initial uncorrected VA and MOI provide earlier information regarding the prognosis. Traffic accident showed a greater tendency to cause a poor initial uncorrected VA. Most ocular trauma is preventable by educating people at risk to avoid common MOIs and to use protection.

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Highlights:1. Combination of medication and surgery on glaucoma had the least post-therapy intraocular pressure.2. There was no significant difference in the efficacy of drugs, surgeries, and combination of both therapies for glaucoma intraocular pressure reduction. AbstractIntroduction: Glaucoma leads to blindness in its end stage. Quality of life drops as visual field loss as progressive optic nerve damage since high intraocular pressure elevation. Glaucoma treatment focused on aqueous humor regulation, thus the intraocular pressure is maintained at normal.Methods: This was a retrospective analytical study using secondary data gathered from medical records as total sampling data. The sample was determined by the purposive non-probability technique. The mean of intraocular pressure after therapies was defined as the dependent variable while the independent variable was the type of therapy.Results: Combined therapy (16.00 ± 6.77 mmHg) had the least post-therapy intraocular pressure. The statistical test indicated no significant difference in the effectiveness of medication, surgery, and combination therapy for glaucoma intraocular pressure reduction.Conclusion: There was no prominent difference in the efficacy of drugs, surgeries, and combined therapies for glaucoma intraocular pressure reduction.

The wound healing process is major cause of glaucoma surgery failure and enhances the incapability of controlling the IOP. This aim of study was to evaluate the angiogenesis effect of Bevacizumab injection on the amount and density of blood vessels in the rabbit model after trabeculectomy. It was a true experimental study using 16 eyes of 16 New Zealand White Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) that divided into two groups. The control group was treated with 0.05 ml of Balanced Saline Solution (BSS). The experimental group was treated with subconjunctival injection of 1.25 mg Bevacizumab in 0.05 BSS. All rabbit was sacrificed, and the eye was enucleated. Thus, the bleb area was dissected after 14 days. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate the amount and density of blood vessels. The mean amount of blood vessels in the control group was 22.63 ± 11.02, and the experimental group was 14,75 ± 4.92 (p=0.043). The mean of blood vessel density in the control group was 19.10 ± 1.69 %, and the experimental group was 16.53 ± 2.90 % (p=0.029)%. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). Subconjunctival bevacizumab in the rabbit model reduces the amount and density of blood vessels compared with subconjunctival BSS injection.

Latar Belakang : Kelainan refraksi menduduki peringkat ketiga besar penyebab kebutaan. Kelainan refraksi sudah bukan hal yang jarang lagi terjadi pada mahasiswa kedokteran. Paparan sinar biru dari gawai berperan sebagai salah satu penyebab kelainan refraksi. Di era modern ini, dalam pembelajarannya mahasiswa kedokteran seringkali terpapar sinar biru yang berasal dari gawai. Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh kebiasaan paparan radiasi blue light terhadap kelainan refraksi. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Penentuan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik total sampling dengan mengambil data seluruh mahasiswa  Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga angkatan 2018. Hasil : Dari 83 subjek penelitian didapatkan 62,7% perempuan, 37,3% laki-laki. 16,9% berusia kurang dari 19 tahun, 51,8% berusia 19 tahun, 22,9% berusia 20 tahun dan 8,4% berusia diatas 20 tahun. P value antara hubungan silinder dengan jarak mata ke gawai 0,727. P value hubungan silinder dengan posisi 0,891. P value hubungan silinder dengan durasi penggunaan gawai 0,140. Hubungan miopi dengan jarak mata ke gawai didapatkan p value 0,702. Hubungan miopi dengan posisi, didapatkan p value 0,382 dan hubungan miopi dengan durasi didapatkan p value 0,552. Pembahasan : Hasil penelitian ini ada yang sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu namun ada pula yang bertentangan. Hasil yang sama didapatkan karena penggunaan metode yang sama. Sedangkan yang hasilnya bertentangan dikarenakan perbedaan metode penelitian dan juga usia sampel. Simpulan : Tidak adanya hubungan signifikan antara kebiasaan paparan radiasi blue light terhadap kelainan refraksi mata pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga angkatan 2018.  Kata Kunci: Gawai, Kelainan Refraksi, Miopia, Radiasi, Silinder, Sinar Biru