The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan has affected Pakistan’s foreign policy. Both the states are sharing common border and cultural ties. The attack on Afghanistan soil was a treat for Pakistan’s territorial integrity. Pakistan adopted policy of partnership with US in order to withdraw the Soviet Union from Afghanistan.The paper aims to explore Pakistan’s role in Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Secondary data has been collected from books, articles and newspapers. The findings of the study suggest that Pakistan faced serious challenges due to its active role in Soviet Afghan war.

Pakistan’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan is shaped by its quest for territorial integrity. Both Pakistan and Afghanistan remained hostile since their inception. The main factor for this rivalry was the Durand line issue which resulted in security threat from Afghanistan. The paper analyzes the bilateral conflict of Afghanistan and Pakistan and the factors responsible for their hostility. The paper also examines the foreign policy of Pakistan towards Afghanistan since its independence. The findings of the study concluded that Pakistan has adopted changes in its foreign policy towards Afghanistan particularly during Soviet Afghan war. This article relies on qualitative methods of research to describe the foreign policy of Pakistan at different intervals.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 has caused a very deep and intense effect on all persons irrespective of age and gender. It was especially a challenging fight for health professionals as they were dealing it from many aspects. All the infected health workers were facing many emotional and mental stresses, and at the same time, they were supposed to provide error free services at the hospital. To explore the experiences of infected Health Care Providers during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY:  The interview based qualitative descriptive research was conducted at Hilal-e Ahmar hospital Faisalabad, Pakistan. To get an in-depth idea about different experiences of the professionals, 15 Semi structured interviews were conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Convenient sampling was done by inviting all the infected members for the interviews. Purposive sampling was done, and a total of 15 interviews were conducted till the data was saturated. Participants gave their convenient time keeping in mind their easy duty days for the study, and they were interviewed in their offices.  Interviews were transcribed, rechecked, and analyzed. Thematic analysis was done with narrations. RESULTS:5 broader themes were generated with sub-themes. The themes were 1) Diagnosis of disease, 2) Disease impacts, 3) Social reaction, 4) Combating techniques for isolation period and, 5) Dilemmas during the quarantine period. The participants were diagnosed by PCR technique, and the diagnosis was associated with extreme feelings of denial, depression, anxiety, fear of the future and uncertainty. Most of the participants faced negative responses from society and experienced a social boycott. CONCLUSION: The first wave of COVID-19 was a period of extreme stress and anxiety, especially for the health care providers working as the first line of defense against the disease. They not only suffer from the physiological effects of the disease but faced mental trauma and social stigmatization. Electronic media had a negative effect on the thought process of people.

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