Abstract.We measured the radial-velocity curve of HD 77581, the B-supergiant companion of the X-ray pulsar Vela X-1, using 183 high-resolution optical spectra obtained in a nine-month campaign. We derive radial-velocity amplitudes for different lines and wavelength regions, and find all are consistent with each other, as well as with values found in previous analyses. We show that one apparent exception, an anomalously low value derived from ultra-violet spectra obtained with the International Ultraviolet Explorer, was due to an error in the analysis procedures. We re-analyse all IUE spectra, and combine the resulting velocities with the ones derived from the new optical spectra presented here, as well as those derived from optical spectra published earlier. As in previous analyses, the radial velocities show strong deviations from those expected for a pure Keplerian orbit, with rootmean-square amplitudes of ∼7 km s −1 for strong lines of Si iv and N iii near 4100Å, and up to ∼20 km s −1 for weaker lines of N ii and Al iii near 5700Å. The deviations likely are related to the pronounced line-profile variations seen in our spectra. Our hope was that the deviations would average out when a sufficient number of spectra were added together. It turns out, however, that systematic deviations as a function of orbital phase are present as well, at the 3 km s −1 level, with the largest deviations occurring near inferior conjunction of the neutron star and near the phase of maximum approaching velocity. While the former might be due to a photo-ionisation wake, for which we observe direct evidence in the profiles of Hδ and Hα, the latter has no straightforward explanation. As a result, our best estimate of the radial-velocity amplitude, Kopt = 21.7 ± 1.6 km s −1 , has an uncertainty not much reduced to that found in previous analyses, in which the influence of the systematic, phase-locked deviations had not been taken into account. Combining our velocity amplitude with the accurate orbital elements of the X-ray pulsar, we infer Mns sin 3 i = 1.78 ± 0.15 M .

The interaction of the stellar wind of a supersonically moving massive star with its surrounding interstellar medium can result in the formation of an observable bow-shock. Recent studies at optical and infrared wavelengths indicate the presence of wind bow-shocks around several OB runaways, including the high-mass X-ray binary system Vela X-1. A large fraction of runaway stars do not seem to form wind bow-shocks. Obviously, when the local sound speed is high (∼ 100 km s−1), as is the case e.g., inside a hot superbubble, the (subsonic) space velocity would not be sufficient to form a bow-shock. Two-dimensional time-dependent hydrodynamical simulations indicate that the bow-shock is generally unstable; for certain combinations of ISM and wind parameters a bow-shock is not formed at all. The runaway nature of Wolf-Rayet stars in relation to the formation of wind bow-shocks is also discussed.

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