In the agriculture of the Ukrainian Steppe was increased the potential weediness of chernozems in the arable soil layer of vegetative and seed reproductive organs. The soil is considered to be pure, in the arable layer of which there are less than 1 thousand/ha of roots perennial and 10 million pcs./ha of germinative seeds of annual weeds. Due to the excessive potential weediness of soil in bare fallows and in sowing of row crops during the vegetative period, it may appear on 1 m² to 1.5-2.0 thousand shoots of annual and 15-30 sprouts or shoots of perennial weeds. Analysis of the state of potential weediness of soils of different pedogenesis and ecological and technogenic history showed that human interference in ecological and landscape complexes in the form of agricultural activity is accompanied by a significant increase in the reserves of weed seeds in the soil. Active soil tillage in crop rotation on the old arable lands is accompanied by accumulation in the layer of soil 0-30 cm to 452 million pcs./ha of weed seeds. Analysis of the state of potential weediness of soils of different pedogenesis and ecological and technogenic history showed that human interference in ecological-landscape complexes in the form of agricultural activity is accompanied by a significant increase in the reserves of weed seeds in the soil. Active soil tillage in the crop rotation on the old arable lands is accompanied by accumulation in the layer of soil 0-30 cm to 452 million pcs./ha of weed seeds. The danger of high degree of potential weediness is also increased by the fact that in each layer of a profile section of ploughland, a significant amount of seeds is retained, which in any case creates a risk of high harmfulness of weeds in connection with vertical migration. In the upper most active layer of soil 0-10 cm concentration seed is 133 million pcs./ha. In the long fallow lands of agrotechnical dormancy the potential weediness in the upper layer of soil is 6-7 million pcs./ha. In deeper layers are observed only residual signs of the presence of weed seeds. Consequently, the degree of potential weediness on cultivated lands is 20-50 times higher than in zones of natural development of succession. Potential weediness is a major factor determining the degree of crop weediness, the harmfulness of weeds and the amount of crop loss. The determination of the yielding capacity of the field crops showed that the systems of basic soil tillage on the plots fertilized with mineral fertilizers together with the crop residues were equivalent to all pproductivity indexes: grain yield, grain units and feed units and digestible protein per hectare of crop rotation area with a slight tendency to decrease the indexes for small (mulching) system of soil cultivation. In the variant with crop residues without mineral fertilizers, the system of mouldboard and differentiated soil tillages had advantage over all productivity indiexes in consequence of the better phytosanitary state of crops. By results of research, the highest increase from mineral f...

Встановлено, що видовий склад бур'янів в посівах кукурудзи залежить від їх адаптивної здатності та структури посівних площ в сівозміні. З'ясовано, що у разі запровадження мілкого безполицевого мульчувального обробітку ґрунту в технологію вирощування кукурудзи зумовлює підвищення забур'яненості посівів у 1,4-1,8 раза, що в свою чергу потребує уточненого регламенту використання ґрунтових і післясходових гербіцидів. Доведено, що кукурудза, вирощена на фоні оранки або чизельного обробітку, має мінімальну різницю в урожайності як в неудобреному варіанті, так і при внесенні N 30 P 30 K 30 , у зв'язку з покращанням умов живлення і меншою забур'яненістю посівів порівняно з мілким обробітком. Зі збільшенням частки азоту при удобренні кукурудзи до N 60 P 30 K 30 , ефективнішим є мілкий плоскорізний обробіток, на фоні якого можливо одержати однаковий, порівняно з оранкою і чизельним обробітком, урожай зерна за рахунок нівелювання дії цих факторів. Способи основного обробітку ґрунту за невисокої загальної забур'яненості посівів (9,0-12,6 шт./м²) суттєво не впливають на якість зерна кукурудзи. При внесенні мінеральних добрив (особливо азотних) простежується тенденція до підвищення вмісту білка в зерні та зниження-вуглеводів, зокрема крохмалю.

The yield of spring barley significantly depends on the reserves of soil moisture, which ensures the implementation of all important life processes, including seed germination and rooting of seedlings, transpiration, thermoregulation and supply of nutrients to the plant. The productivity of spring barley is directly proportional to its moisture content. With sufficient soil moisture, favorable conditions for the growth and development of field crops, and ultimately increases their yield. In the northern steppe, high productivity of spring barley, provided timely and full germination, is formed due to moisture reserves accumulated in the deep layers of the soil during the autumn-winter period of the year. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of the methods of basic tillage on the accumulation and dynamics of soil moisture in spring barley crops and the level of its yield. Experimental studies were performed during 2004–2015 in a stationary field experiment at the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The presence of wavy nanorelief during chiselling, as well as plant remains on the ridges contributed to a significant reduction in wind speed in the aboveground layer. Snowfall was concentrated in the depressions and was reliably protected from blowing. Due to this, the height of the snow cover here, according to our data, was the highest and amounted to – 14.3 cm, and as a result faster thawing of the soil and better accumulation of water. At the same time, the intensity of wet accumulation during the autumn-winter period when treated with chisel tools outweighed the options of shelf plowing by an average of 17.9 mm, and disking – 9.2 mm. The increased assimilation of cold precipitation during chiselling can also be associated with strip loosening of the soil in the furrows, which is typical for chisel units. It is established that in the northern steppe the use of canning (chisel) with a differentiated tillage system for spring barley increases the accumulation of moisture by 91.0–179.0 m2/ha in the autumn-winter period due to plant residues that retain more snow, especially in warm snowless winters. It is proved that the use of a fine mulching system of tillage, despite the reduction of grain yield, contributes to a more economical consumption of moisture per unit of crop in 1.1–1.2 times when growing spring barley. It was found that the use of annual shelf and differentiated tillage on average over the years of research provides the maximum level of yield, and the minimization of tillage in most years led to its reduction by 0.22–0.55 t/ha. The use of chiseling in a differentiated tillage system is most effective in dry years and even outweighs plowing due to the greater accumulation of productive moisture due to the presence of a significant portion of post-harvest residues of the predecessor that retain moisture under the mulch. Key words: spring barley, tillage, soil moisture, fertilizers, disking, yield.

Topicality. Adhesives are an integral part of the weed control system in the maize crops, because they increase the efficiency of herbicide application. They significantly reduce the cost of plant protection products and increase their efficiency, as well as increase the adhesive properties of the herbicide solution to prevent its runoff and prolong its action. Development of new herbicides, constant weather and climate changes require to study further the effectiveness of the combined action of herbicides and adhesives. Among the adhesives for maize, it is generated interest such products as Synergent SOC, Eco Oil Spray, Esterlip, etc. Purpose. To reveal the effectiveness for combinations of herbicides with adhesives in the maize crops, as well as their impact on plant growth and development. Materials and Methods. The experimental scheme included the following combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives: 1. Control (Rimsulfuron without adhesive); 2. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Trend 90 (0.15 % working solution); 3. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Synergent (0.15 % working solution); 4. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Eco Oil Spray (0.15 % working solution); 5. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 6. Rimsulforon (35 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 7. Rimsulforon (25 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution). Results. The combination of rimsulfuron with adhesive Esterlip had the highest technical efficiency compared to other adhesives, in particular, on the redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was 75–100% (complete destruction) and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) – 85.7–92.9 %, slightly less on common ragweed (Ambrosia arte-misiifolia L.) – 83.3%. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) was highly resistant to almost all combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives. The highest maize yield of 8.99 t/ha was in the variant with Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip. Reduced application rate of Esterlip to 25–35 g/ha decreased the maize yield to 7.34–7.65 t/ha, or by 1.34–1.65 t/ha (14.9–18.3 %) due to increased weed infestation of crops. The application of adhesives Trend 90, Synergen, Eco Oil Spray also decreased maize yields to 8.48 t/ha, 8.07 t/ha and 8.62 t/ha, respectively, which was less by 0.51 t/ha (5.6 %), 0.92 t/ha (10.2 %) and 0.37 t/ha (4.1 %). The lowest yield was in the control – 5.30 t/ha due to significant weed infestation of grain crops, which decreased by 3.69 t/ha (41.0 %) compared to the best variant (Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip). Conclusions. Considering the ongoing development of new adhesives and herbicides for maize, as well as climate changes, it is necessary to continue research in this area to determine the most optimal ratio of herbicide rates with adhesives. Key words: maize, weeds, herbicides, adhesives, yield, technical efficiency

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