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Three verticall HIV‐infected children showed, in addition to oral candidiasis, HIV‐gingivitis, which healed on antimycotic treatment. The intense linear gingival erythema of a fourth child was also clinically evaluated as a possible form of erythematous oral candidiasis. Direct microscopic examiniation of material from the gingival lesions of the latter disclosed yeast cells and hyphae. Subsequent culture, biochemical and serologicla tests identified the yeast as Candida dubliniensis. As the patient was on long‐term prophylaxis with fluconazole, ketoconazole was administered and led to a good clinical response. This is the first report implicating this new Candida species as a pathogen in linear gingival erythema in a HIV‐positive individual. The case reports presented provide evidence that linear gingival erythema may be of candidal origin. Further clinical and laboratory observations are required to establish whether this condition constitutes a variant of erythematous candidiasis associated with paediatric HIV infection.

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Fifteen vertically HIV‐infected children aged between 2 and 12 years were followed up for 1 year, weekly to monthly, to study the incidence of oral lesions. At the time of first examination, oral candidiasis (OC) was observed in nine children. Seven children presented with the erythematous type only and two with pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. Four cases of cheilitis were seen in association with the erythematous forms of oral candidiasis. One erythematous candidiasis progressed to pseudomembranous form. A second case of erythematous OC, after multiple recurrences in the form of erythematous OC, recurred as pseudomembranous OC. Another case of erythematous OC and one of pseudomembranous OC presented after multiple recurrences as a persistent, adherent pseudomembranous OC. An orofacial herpes‐zoster infection, a hairy leukoplakia and a necrotic lingual ulcer were observed as second lesions and in association with oral candidiasis in three children. Erythematous oral candidiasis was the most frequent oral HIV‐related lesion, was observed in different stages of HIV‐infection, and in some cases progressed to pseudomembranous candidiasis. A different, selectively resistant, Candida clone was isolated in three cases of recurrent candidiasis.