Розглянуто питання захисту АЕС від нападу під час міжнародного збройного конфлікту за нормами міжнародного гуманітарного права. Конкретизовано особливості захисту АЕС в Україні під час міжнародного збройного конфлікту. Наголошено, що в Україні АЕС є цивільними об’єктами, а набувати характеру воєнних об’єктів вони можуть лише за певних умов, обставини яких мають бути достеменно і беззаперечно встановлені. Захист АЕС у міжнародному гуманітарному праві розглядається за двома рівнями. Перший рівень загального захисту має значення для розширеного розуміння вимог заборони нападу й забезпечення як фізичної, так і ядерної та радіаційної безпеки АЕС як цивільного об’єкта під час воєнного конфлікту. Перший рівень захисту має бути головним орієнтиром у контексті воєнних дій щодо АЕС. Другий рівень захисту має розглядатися унаслідок настання першого. Він передбачає заборону нападу на АЕС навіть якщо вони є воєнним об’єктом і умови обмеження (припинення) такого захисту. Розкрито зв’язок безпеки АЕС (заборона нападу) з іншими об’єктами, на які поширюється захист міжнародного гуманітарного права, а саме об’єктів, необхідних для виживання цивільного населення та природного середовища. Наведено окремі позиції міжнародних інституцій щодо питання співвідношення нападу на АЕС та застосування ядерної зброї, а також нормативної заборони застосування ядерної зброї.
A special legislation on criminal liability for offences against critical infrastructure objects is currently under development in Ukraine. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine adopted the Concept for the development of a state system for critical infrastructure protection. The paper considers this legal area with regard to objects in the nuclear industry in the general context of critical infrastructure protection. It provides the current state in the legal regulation of fundamentals of criminal liability for offences against the critical infrastructure objects in the nuclear industry. The issue on the sufficiency and appropriateness of the existing level of such a liability is discussed further. The paper presents the list of some main critical infrastructure objects in accordance with the regulatory documents in the sphere of critical infrastructure protection and their classification. In addition, such concepts as “critical infrastructure” (relatively new notion in the national legislation), “unlawful intrusion”, “computer crimes”, “critical information infrastructure” and other concepts important to the nuclear industry were considered in this research. The notions presented in different regulatory documents were analyzed. The paper emphasizes that the legislation of Ukraine does not currently present special (separate) standards on the criminal liability for offences against critical infrastructure objects. Some promising issues related to fundamentals of the criminal liability and protection of critical infrastructure objects in the nuclear industry were also considered. The research involves the prospect of further development of a special law to define the area for improving relevant legislation on general regulation of these issues. The paper also stresses on the need to introduce some changes to the Criminal Code of Ukraine with respect to certain articles of section XIV.
The study is devoted to the decision-making theory, its philosophical foundations and certain algorithms of practical activities. The paper is focused on activities in the field of nuclear industry. The functioning of a technologically complex and large enterprise, for example, a nuclear power plant, is impossible without a complex management system, and the decision-making process is one of its elements. This paper is the primary description of the topic and its goal is to formulate approaches to several questions: why do we need a decision-making theory in general, how do we evaluate the correctness of an already made decision. The significance of mathematical calculations in decision-making theory is described. The paper defines the basic terms that are used or will be used in the future, such as: methodology, technology, process, risk, human factor. The theoretical (philosophical) foundations that formed the basis of the decision-making doctrine are described, an attempt is made to answer the question why it is needed and by whom this theory is used and for what purpose. The connection between decision-making with the human factor is formulated. The distinction between the concepts of “decision” (as already existing) and “making decision” (as a complex process, a system of management actions, forecasting options and choosing between them) is described. Certain procedures are presented in the implementation of the decisionmaking process in order to show possible approaches, stages and decisionmaking techniques, as well as the readiness to implement a specific solution. The dependence (efficiency) of the management organization on the decisions made and their implementation is indicated. Besides, the paper sets forth the logic of making the “right” decisions based on “information”. The authors conclude about the importance of applying the decisionmaking theory during the safety analysis and predicting the likely extreme situations at nuclear power facilities and the need to continuously improve the management structures.
The nuclear energy use progressively becomes part of the life of every modern person, who more and more faces radioactive materials in medical institutions, in industry. Half of all electricity generated in Ukraine is generated by nuclear power plants. The peculiarities of the nuclear energy use generate appropriate rules for people dealing with radioactive materials. The article analyzes the standards of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for liability for acts related to the illegal handling of radioactive materials, for violation of the nuclear and radiation safety rules, violation of radiation safety requirements, the threat of theft of radioactive materials, the illicit manufacturing of a nuclear explosive device, abduction or capture of radioactive materials, attack on radioactive materials transportation means. The grounds and peculiarities for bringing to criminal liability have been reviewed, the range of persons who can be prosecuted has been defined. Conditions and grounds for exemption from criminal liability in the absence of a person's criminal intent to use radioactive material are considered. It has been demonstrated that the Criminal Code of Ukraine, by prohibiting certain actions on the illegal radioactive materials handling, ensures protection of the most important social relations and social benefits.
Надано юридичний аналіз застосування норм колишнього СРСР в ядерному законодавстві України та аналіз законодавчих базових норм, які регулювали та регулюють ці питання з моменту проголошення незалежності України; описано деякі варіанти їх вирішення, що фактично були використані в законодавчому полі. Запропоновано відповідні кроки з розвитку системи нормативного регулювання та стимулювання галузі ядерної енергетики з розвитку нормативно-правової бази діяльності.
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