Розглянуто питання захисту АЕС від нападу під час міжнародного збройного конфлікту за нормами міжнародного гуманітарного права. Конкретизовано особливості захисту АЕС в Україні під час міжнародного збройного конфлікту. Наголошено, що в Україні АЕС є цивільними об’єктами, а набувати характеру воєнних об’єктів вони можуть лише за певних умов, обставини яких мають бути достеменно і беззаперечно встановлені. Захист АЕС у міжнародному гуманітарному праві розглядається за двома рівнями. Перший рівень загального захисту має значення для розширеного розуміння вимог заборони нападу й забезпечення як фізичної, так і ядерної та радіаційної безпеки АЕС як цивільного об’єкта під час воєнного конфлікту. Перший рівень захисту має бути головним орієнтиром у контексті воєнних дій щодо АЕС. Другий рівень захисту має розглядатися унаслідок настання першого. Він передбачає заборону нападу на АЕС навіть якщо вони є воєнним об’єктом і умови обмеження (припинення) такого захисту. Розкрито зв’язок безпеки АЕС (заборона нападу) з іншими об’єктами, на які поширюється захист міжнародного гуманітарного права, а саме об’єктів, необхідних для виживання цивільного населення та природного середовища. Наведено окремі позиції міжнародних інституцій щодо питання співвідношення нападу на АЕС та застосування ядерної зброї, а також нормативної заборони застосування ядерної зброї.
The article raises a debatable issue regarding the legal significance of the information contained in the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations, the use of such information in order to establish the circumstances relevant to criminal proceedings and evidence. A number of court decisions and the state of legal regulation in the context of the subject of research are analyzed. The conclusion that the information contained in the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations is of a mixed nature is substantiated and the possibilities of its use in law enforcement are determined.
A special legislation on criminal liability for offences against critical infrastructure objects is currently under development in Ukraine. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine adopted the Concept for the development of a state system for critical infrastructure protection. The paper considers this legal area with regard to objects in the nuclear industry in the general context of critical infrastructure protection. It provides the current state in the legal regulation of fundamentals of criminal liability for offences against the critical infrastructure objects in the nuclear industry. The issue on the sufficiency and appropriateness of the existing level of such a liability is discussed further. The paper presents the list of some main critical infrastructure objects in accordance with the regulatory documents in the sphere of critical infrastructure protection and their classification. In addition, such concepts as “critical infrastructure” (relatively new notion in the national legislation), “unlawful intrusion”, “computer crimes”, “critical information infrastructure” and other concepts important to the nuclear industry were considered in this research. The notions presented in different regulatory documents were analyzed. The paper emphasizes that the legislation of Ukraine does not currently present special (separate) standards on the criminal liability for offences against critical infrastructure objects. Some promising issues related to fundamentals of the criminal liability and protection of critical infrastructure objects in the nuclear industry were also considered. The research involves the prospect of further development of a special law to define the area for improving relevant legislation on general regulation of these issues. The paper also stresses on the need to introduce some changes to the Criminal Code of Ukraine with respect to certain articles of section XIV.
The purpose of this article is to study the criminal liability of medical professionals in cases of suspension, in accordance with jurisprudence in Ukraine, the European Union and the United States of America (USA). He made the comparative method. According to the investigation, the number of criminal proceedings in Ukraine by the authority and misconduct of medical doctors is about 2% per population, my figure that rises to 30% in Europe and is the stable yes in the US and is 28%. 32%. The main objective of the article is often area identify specializations in the medical office occurs with the mayor based on Ukrainian jurisprudence (data from Ukraine’s only state judicial decision register from 2016 to 2019). In addition, the study analyses the impact of the main influences on the ability of medical professionals for their professional functions. From counting the results show that surgeons, gynecologists, paramedics, and anesthesiologists are the most prone to deviation and medical error. Key proposed criteria have been proposed as medical errors differ from medical writing.
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