In the Rostov region, among cereal crops, winter wheat occupies a leading position in terms of the sown area. Breeders have developed wheat varieties, a productivity potential of which is 1.5–2 times higher than their actual yield in production. One of the most important factors that can destabilize gross grain harvests and reduce productivity are parasitic organisms, the most dangerous of which are rust pathogens (Puccinia triticina, P.striiformis, P.graminis). Brown rust (pathogen Puccinia triticina Erikss.) is one of the dangerous wheat diseases. The genetic diversity of cultivated varieties according to resistance types and genes that control it, provides reliable wheat protection against this pathogen. The purpose of the current study was to identify leaf rust resistance genes (Lr-genes) using marker selection for the winter bread wheat lines. The study was carried out in 2020–2021. The objects of research were 311 winter bread wheat lines of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center «Donskoy». In the study of winter bread wheat lines, there were used such methods as DNA isolation using CTAB, PCR, and electrophoresis on agarose gels. Using molecular markers, there have been identified 24 samples with a functional allele of the Lr10 gene (1672, 518/21 (1), 595/21 (1) 595 (4), 625/21, 626/21, etc.), 49 samples with the dominant allele Lr26 (1105, 502/21, 526/21 (1), 526/21 (2), 529/21 (12), 557/21, etc.), 13 lines with the resistance allele of the Lr37 gene (1105, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1615, etc.). There was also found that the Lr17a gene was not detected in the studied lines.

When developing a variety, along with the classical breeding methods, there are increasingly being used bio-technological and molecular genetic methods. These methods include a cultivation technology of isolated anthers, based on the phenomenon of androgenesis. The current paper has presented the results of developing androgenetic rice lines from 7 hybrids of the first generation. The purpose of the work was to study the ability of rice hybrids to form callus on artificial nutrient media and develop regenerated plants followed by a visual estimation of ploidy. Developing dihaploid homozygous lines will speed up the breeding process. The selection of rice panicles was carried out in the field in the shooting phase at the stage of mononuclear pollen. There were cultivated 7218 anthers, of which there were obtained 259 calli. The combinations ‘Akustik x Nerica 1’, ‘Nerica 1 x Akustik c’, ‘Kapitan x Akustik’ were the most responsive to callus formation. The regeneration frequency to the number of calli was 9.13 %. There were identified 794 new formations, from which there were formed 46 plants, including 26 albino and 20 green. The largest number of plants was formed in the hybrid ‘Kapitan x Akustik’ (22 pcs., 14 of which are green). Among the survived green regenerated plants, according to a complex of morphological traits, two plants turned out to be haploids with small sterile flowers and anthers, thin and narrow leaves; five plants were dihaploids with well-grained panicles and medium-sized leaves; two plants were tetraploids that had a wide leaf, a large panicle with very large flowers, but with low fertility. Plants and seeds were handed over to breeders for further work.