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Glenoid bone loss is a well established cause of instability and long term morbidity if not adequadely addressed. Anterior glenohumeral instability due an anterior glenoid defect is significantly more common, and for many years has been well treated with open anterior bone block augmentation procedures, most commonly the latarjet procedure. However, with refinement of this technique and some interest in reducing morbidity associated with iliac crest bone harvest, arthroscopic bone block procedures with allograft has become more popular. In this article we will review some of the key available evidence. We will also review management of the less common and more challenging posterior glenoid defects associated with posterior instability.

Fractures of the proximal humerus are a very common presentation in modern Trauma and Orthopaedic practice. In an ever-aging population, the incidence has dramatically increased resulting in a large socioeconomical burden. The surgical management of these injuries has evolved over the years. Patient outcomes are variable and there is no consensus on treatment approach. This review article focuses on the outcomes following fracture fixation using common surgical techniques.

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Introduction: There have been many techniques described to measure limb length discrepancy and methods to correct this during total hip arthroplasty; preoperative and intraoperative. These techniques have been either inconsistent, cumbersome or not readily available due to expense. There is a lack of evidence to support one particular approach. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of the relationship between the centre of the femoral head and tip of the greater trochanter. Methods: A prospective observational cross-sectional study, with patients undergoing Positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) scan between 20th January 2016 to 31st December 2016. Exclusion criteria were patients undergoing PET-CT scan for musculoskeletal condition, those found to have existing pathology of the hip (including previous trauma) and those aged younger than 18 years and over 50 years. Results: There was a total of 116 participants, giving 232 hips for assessment and 184 hips were measured by two observers. The mean age of the sample was 40.51 years. The mean distance of the centre of the femoral head from the tip of the greater trochanter was 8.53 mm distal (with a standard deviation of 4.97). Analysis of the right and left hip measurements gave a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.87, suggesting a good correlation. Interobserver analysis demonstrated fair agreement with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.52. Conclusion:The evidence of this study and that in literature suggests that this landmark is unreliable and should no longer be used.