Burns are a significant public health issue that result in more than 180 000 fatalities annually. For specialized burn care, the geriatric burn population is a sensitive and usually challenging group. Despite the fact that all age groups have shown advances in burn care, geriatrics still have worse survival rates. Burn severity, treatment, and outcomes are impacted in geriatrics because of the physiological differences between them and younger adult burn patients. The atrophic skin of the elderly results in deeper burns, or a higher ratio of full-thickness total body surface area compared to younger patients, but it also hinders the healing of both donor sites and burns. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about geriatric burn injuries: prevalence, management and clinical outcome. Elderly people are more susceptible to complications such pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema. The morbidity and mortality seen in geriatric burn patients are also attributed to altered immunological and inflammatory response driven by age leading to increased hospital stays and more severe complications. Management of geriatric burn patients involves two concepts. the revolutionary theory of eschar excision and wound closure within the first week of hospitalization, and the conventional strategy of reducing physiologic stress by delaying surgery in the early post-burn stage while the development of effective fluid resuscitation protocols, which has most significantly boosted patient survival, is one of the pillars of modern burn care. The epidemiology of burn injuries in geriatrics is quite variable and demands further research.

According to the World Health Organization Saudi Arabia has the second highest diabetes rate in the Middle East and ranks seventh globally. Around 7 million people are diabetic, and almost 3 million have pre-diabetes, according to estimates. Perhaps even more concerning is the recent increase in diabetes cases reported in Saudi Arabia. In fact, diabetes has risen by ten times in Saudi Arabia during the last three centuries. Diabetic foot ulcer is the leading source of morbidity and prolonged hospitalization, with approximately twice the likelihood of amputations compared to ulcers that are not infected. Diabetic foot ulcer affects 6.3% of the world's population, with men being more prone to developing them. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about rates of amputation among diabetics in Saudi Arabia. Even though diabetes is a significant public health concern in the Middle East and North Africa area, with high incidence of diabetic foot problems, data on prevalence and mortality among this high-risk group is scarce. As the prevalence of the diabetes is increasing in Saudi Arabia so are the diabetes related complications and diabetic foot complications are becoming more common as well. To analyse the existing condition and audit the ongoing prevention programs, large community-based surveys must be conducted. Efforts must be made to minimize the risk of amputation as well as fatalities among diabetic foot problems patients.

Antibiotics are one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. It is given to treat a wide range of infections and diseases. However, usage of antibiotics is associated with several side effects. The most frequently reported side effect is diarrhoea since antibiotics affect the gastrointestinal microbial environment. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea refers to the diarrhoea that develops at the initiation of the antibiotic therapy and can extend even up to six or more weeks after termination of the therapy. The prevalence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea ranges from 5% to 39% and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea can be caused by any antibiotic used although the risk is higher for broad-spectrum antibiotics since they primarily target anaerobes and are poorly absorbed. Probiotics aid in reducing the risk of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about the impact of concurrent use of probiotics on risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in adults. Various studies in the literature suggest of concurrent use of probiotics in treatment and prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Probiotics have been widely recommended as a robust and reliable strategy to lessen the negative effects of antibiotics on gastrointestinal function. Probiotics have a beneficial role in improving the gut health thus lowering the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea if administered concurrently. Probiotics are generally well-tolerated and have minimum side effects. However more clinical research is needed to establish the guidelines for their concurrent use with antibiotic therapy to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhoea.

Dysphonia is a common term that is usually used to describe abnormalities related to voice quality. The condition might also be referred to as hoarseness of voice. While dysphonia is usually used to describe impaired voice production, hoarseness of voice is used to describe altered voice quality. Laryngeal visualization and early identification of relevant signs and symptoms by the physician and patient are essential to achieving the best quality of care. However, diagnosis and evaluation of the condition are difficult due to challenges in laryngeal visualization and confusion caused by frequent laryngeal lesions. The present literature review extensively discusses the etiology, differential diagnosis, and evaluation of dysphonia. Different etiologies can attribute to this condition, including laryngeal and extra laryngeal disorders. Dysphonia does not usually persist for more than four weeks. However, when it persists beyond this, physicians should promptly evaluate the patient looking for a serious underlying disorder, most likely malignancy. Laryngeal visualization and obtaining a thorough history from the patient are the most recommended steps in evaluating a patient presenting with dysphonia. However, adequate care should also be paid to the development of evaluation-related complications that might further worsen the condition. The process should be evaluated and managed as early as possible to enhance the prognosis and survival rates, especially among patients suffering from laryngeal cancer. Increasing awareness among patients is also recommended to identify the problem and present it for evaluation as early as possible.