Learning two or more languages at school is quite common all over Europe, but languages are often isolated from each other. This pedagogical practice is in contrast to the way multilingual speakers use their whole linguistic repertoire when communicating in social contexts. These multilingual solitudes are challenged when translanguaging pedagogies are used and multilingual students are allowed to use the resources in their linguistic repertoire. The specific focus of this article is to examine translanguaging as a pedagogical tool as related to a context wherein Basque is the main language of instruction, but a minority language in society. The article reports the characteristics of a pedagogical intervention based on translanguaging, which aims at developing language awareness, metalinguistic awareness, and communicative and academic competences in Basque, Spanish, and English. Our findings show that pedagogical translanguaging can be compatible with the maintenance and development of a minority language.

This article focuses on the development of morphological awareness in English as a third language. It analyses how the activation of previous linguistic knowledge can influence morphological awareness. Participants were 104 primary school students who were learning English as a third language and were already fluent in two other languages, Basque and Spanish. Participants in the experimental group took part in a pedagogical intervention aiming at the development of morphological awareness by using translanguaging pedagogies. The aim of the intervention was to enable participants to use their linguistic repertoire across languages and benefit from their multilingual resources. Results indicate that participants in the experimental group obtained higher scores in morphological awareness than the control group from the same school. In addition, participants in the experimental group perceived that the use of translanguaging strategies was useful for their learning and also enjoyable as a teaching approach.

This article is on pedagogical translanguaging, understood as planned instructional strategies used with a pedagogical purpose in a multilingual educational context. The paper reports a study on cognate identification and cognate awareness carried out in a multilingual primary school. The study aims at analyzing whether the identification of cognates in three languages is related to linguistic factors and to teaching. The relationship between teaching cognates and metalinguistic awareness is also explored. Half of the participants took part in an intervention based on pedagogical translanguaging using multilingual resources from the students' own repertoire while the other half followed regular classes. Participants completed a background questionnaire and a cognate recognition task. Information was also gathered by means of a think-aloud protocol and an interview. The results indicate that the identification of cognates is connected to the linguistic characteristics of cognates but not to having Basque or Spanish as a first language. Participants who had taken part in the intervention showed a higher development of cognate awareness but there were no significant differences between the groups in cognate identification. The results are exploratory but they indicate that using the languages in the students' whole linguistic repertoire can create more opportunities for language learning.

Translanguaging terminoan elebakartasunean oinarritutako hizkuntzen banaketarekin apurtzea proposatzen duten hainbat ekarpen teoriko nahiz praktiko biltzen dira. Ikerketa hau, ikasgela ba- rruan, hizkuntzen artean muga zurrunik ezarri gabe, euskararen, gaztelaniaren eta ingelesaren arteko antze- kotasunak nabarmentzen dituen proiektu pedagogiko handiago baten barruan gauzatu da. Zehazki, hizkuntza baliabideen erabilera alderatze hutsetik haratago joan, eta baliabide hauen erabilera estimulatzen duen esku- hartze didaktikoak ikasleen euskara mailan izandako eragina aztertu da. Ikerketa honetan Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko ikastetxe publiko bateko 5. eta 6. mailako 89 ikaslek parte hartu dute. Ikasle guztiek euskarazko irakurriaren ulermena neurtzeko test bat gauzatu dute esku-hartzearen aurretik eta ostean. Ikasleez gain proiektuan parte hartu duen euskara irakaslearen iritziak ere jaso dira erdi-egituratutako elkarrizketa baten bidez. Emaitzek erakusten dutenez, esku-hartzeak ez du ikasleen euskara-gaitasuna kaltetu. Irakasleak ere esku-hartzearen balorazio positiboa egiten du eta translanguagingean oinarritutako esku-hartze pedagogi- koa ikasleen kontzientzia linguistikoa eta metalinguistikoa indartzeko baliagarria izan dela azpimarratzen du.GAKO-HITZAK: translanguaging, hezkuntza eleaniztuna, kontzientzia metalinguistikoa, kontzientzia linguistikoa, lehen hezkuntza

No abstract