Purpose This study aims to assess the hospital readiness and resiliency in a disaster-prone Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach Hospital Safety Index (HSI), containing 151 items, was used to assess ten hospital in West Java and five hospitals in Yogyakarta. Findings The average level of HSI for the hospitals under investigation is B, indicating that their ability to function during and after emergencies and disasters are potentially at risk, thus, intervention measures are needed in the short term. Hospitals in Yogyakarta scored lowly in terms of their emergency and disaster management, even though they have previously experienced major disasters in 2006 and 2010. Practical implications The role of the government is crucial to improve hospital readiness and resiliency in Indonesia. It is recommended that they: identify disaster-prone areas so that their hospital readiness and resiliency can be assessed; assess the readiness and resiliency of hospitals the prioritized areas; implement intervention measures; re-assess the readiness and resiliency of hospitals in the prioritized areas after implementing intervention measures; and develop a framework to ensure that the hospitals can maintain their level of readiness and resiliency over time. Originality/value Research on hospital readiness and resiliency in Indonesia is still limited despite the size of the country and its proneness to disasters. This research has investigated the feasibility and value of using HSI to assess hospital readiness and resilience in Indonesia.

Indonesia is a country prone to experiencing natural hazards and disasters, which have frequently damaged public infrastructure, including hospitals. The role of hospitals is crucial to alleviate the impact of disasters. However, there is still a lack of study that analyzes the factors that influence the readiness of hospitals in emergency situations. Filling in this gap, the aim of this paper is to analyze and rank hospitals across West Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia by the resilience of their emergency management approaches. This research seeks to measure hospital resiliency during emergencies and disasters. Results indicate that the emergency and disaster management coordination, response and disaster recovery planning, communication and information management, logistics and evacuation, human resources, finance, patient care and support services, decontamination and security are key attributes for the decision-making matrix. Based on the Hospital Safety Index tool, this research proposes the Hospital Emergency and Disaster Management (HEDM) index by combining the key attributes and sub-attributes using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) as a multi-attribute decision-making technique. The paper concludes that the anticipated benefits of analyzing the resilience of hospitals by using HEDM is the identification of the most susceptible hospitals based on their levels of readiness and resiliency in areas which are prone to experiencing disasters. This prioritization is important for resource allocation and budget planning.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the primary healthcare center (PHC) as a whole-of-society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people’s needs as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care, and as close as feasibly possible to people’s everyday environment. PHCs are expected to remain operational when disasters occur. This study aimed to assess the PHC disaster preparedness level in Indonesia using The Hospital Safety Index (HSI) from WHO/PAHO. Eleven PHCs located in four provinces in Indonesia, i.e., Jakarta, Yogyakarta, North Sumatera, and West Java, were selected. Data were collected through interviews, focus-group discussions (FGDs), observations, and document reviews. The parameters assessed were all types of hazards, structural or construction safety, nonstructural safety, and functional attributes. The results show that the overall score of HSI for PHCs in Jakarta (0.674) and North Sumatera (0.752) fell into the “A” category, meaning that these PHCs would likely remain operational in the case of disasters. Meanwhile, the overall HSI scores for PHCs in West Java (0.601) and Yogyakarta (0.602) were between 0.36 and 0.65, or in “B” category, meaning that these PHCs would be able to recover during disasters but several services would be exposed to danger. The results suggested that there are several gaps that need urgent interventions to be applied for the structural safety of buildings, water supply systems, fuel storage, disaster committee organization, furniture and fittings, offices and storage equipment, as well as increasing the capacity of workers through a structured and systematic training framework for disaster readiness. The results from this study can be used for prioritizing budgets and resource allocation, cost planning, providing specific solutions for local and national government, and efforts to achieve disaster risk reduction.

Indonesia is country with abundant high-risk areas for various disasters that can affect both the structural and non-structural safety of various vital establishments, particularly hospitals. This present study aims to examine the level of the hospital safety index in nine hospitals in four provinces based on the guidelines from the WHO/PAHO (World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization). The Hospital Safety Index (HSI) guidelines consist of four parameters that include the types of hazards, structural safety, non-structural safety, disasters and emergency managements. This study was a cross-sectional study on data obtained through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), observations, and document reviews to assess the parameters of the HSI. Data were calculated for the HSI score, and descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were carried out. The SPSS software version 25.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results show that the overall safety index was 0.673 (Level A), meaning that it is likely the hospital will maintain functionality in emergencies and disasters. By province, the level A index was identified in DKI Jakarta (0.76), Yogyakarta (0.709), and West Java (0.673), showing that hospitals in these provinces will maintain functionality in emergency and disaster situations; however, in North Sumatera, the index was categorized in B category (0.507), demonstrating that the hospital’s ability to function during and after emergencies and disasters is potentially at risk. The multiple correspondence analysis shows that the hospitals in the provinces of Yogyakarta and West Java tend to achieve similar categories in almost all assessment modules; therefore, control measures of preparedness should be considered, such as improvements in equipment and facilities; hospital emergency and disaster response and recovery planning; communication and information management; training; and relevant stakeholders awareness.

Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta memiliki kerentanan terhadap ancaman bencana alam. Ancaman terbesar adalah gempa bumi dan letusan gunung berapi. Semua orang yang hidup dalam situasi darurat bencana berhak atas kesehatan termasuk kesehatan reproduksi. Pencegahan terjadinya risiko kerugian yang tinggi akibat bencana baik dalam sektor kesehatan maupun sektor lainnya dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan identifikasi risiko bencana. Identifikasi risiko bencana ini terdiri dari identifikasi ancaman bencana, kerentanan bencana, dan kapasitas bencana di tingkat desa. Kajian kesehatan reproduksi bencana disampaikan dengan metode penyuluhan disertai diskusi interaktif. Identifikasi ancaman, kapasitas, dan kerentanan bencana menggunakan metode partisipatory. Peserta dipilih secara purposive. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif.  Peserta menyebutkan bahwa permasalahan kesehatan reproduksi yang dapat terjadi meliputi perasalahan kesehatan ibu dan anak, pelecehan seksual, dan penularan penyakit seksual yang diakibatkan oleh keadaan sarana prasarana pengungsian yang minim. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi diketahui bahwa ancaman bencana gempa dapat menimbulkan kerentanan pada manusia khususnya bayi, anak-anak, lansia, dan penyandang cacat berupa luka sedang hingga kematian. Kerentanan pada infrastruktur berupa robohnya bangunan akibat struktur yang tidak kuat. Kapasitas bencana yang dimiliki desa berupa adanya forum kebencanaan dan pelatihan serta simulasi bencana yang mendukung adanya infrastruktur siaga bencana. Ancaman gempa bumi dapat menimbulkan kerugian pada asset berisiko desa yang berupa manusia dan infrastruktur, namun pihak desa telah memiliki kapasitas / kekuatan pada seluruh aspek berisiko tersebut untuk meminimalisir kerugian yang muncul. Diharapkan aparat desa dapat meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan bencana dengan melakukan pemetaan risiko bencana desa secara berkesinabungan.