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This study was conducted to examine the impact of dumpsites on the quality of groundwater and surface water. The water samples and leachates were collected from dumpsites in respective zones. The physicochemical properties of the samples were examined and determined in accordance with the standards of the American Public Health Association. Results indicated that the groundwater and surface water that are close to the dumpsites have an electrical conductivity of 385 and 245 Sd/cm, total dissolved solids of 168 and 128 mg/L, a turbidity of 4.6 and 22 NTU, a total alkalinity of 103 and 50 mg/L, a total hardness of 120 and 80 mg/L, Ca concentration of 44 and 14 mg/L, Mg concentration of 0.2 and 15 mg/L, SO 4 concentration of 4 and 42 mg/L, Cl concentration of 38 and 16 mg/L, and NO 3 concentration of 6 and 8 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the water near the dumpsites had higher elevated physicochemical properties compared with those far from the dumpsites; in addition, they were significantly different (p ≥ 0.05). Hence, the closer the groundwater and surface water to the dumpsite, the greater the negative impact on the physicochemical properties of water. The pH concentration in leachate serves as an indicator for the age and mineralization status of dumpsites, and it influences the other chemical properties of the leachate. Furthermore, the pH concentration in leachate is inversely proportional to the concentration of Ca, Mg, and SO 4 in the study area. Abstrak Efek dari Lindi Tumpukan Sampah terhadap sebagian Indikator Kualitas Air dari Air Tanah dan Air Permukaan yang dipilih di Ilokun, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk menguji dampak dari tempat pembuangan sampah terhadap kualitas air tanah dan air permukaan. Sampel-sampel air dan lindi dikumpulkan dari tempat pembuangan sampah di dalam masing-masing zona. Sifat-sifat kimiafisik sampel diuji dan ditentukan sesuai dengan standar Asosiasi Kesehatan Publik Amerika. Hasil-hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa air tanah dan air permukaan yang dekat dengan tempat pembuangan sampah masing-masing memiliki suatu konduktivitas listrik sebesar 385 dan 245 Sd/cm, keseluruhan padatan terlarut sebesar 168 dan 128 mg/L, kekeruhan sebesar 4,6 dan 22 NTU, alkalinitas total sebesar 103 dan 50 mg/L, kesadahan total sebesar 120 dan 80 mg/L, konsentrasi Ca sebesar 44 dan 14 mg/L, konsentrasi Mg sebesar 0,2 dan 15 mg/L, konsentrasi SO 4 sebesar 4 dan 42 mg/L, konsentrasi Cl sebesar 38 dan 16 mg/L, dan konsentrasi NO 3 sebesar 6 dan 8 mg/L. Lebih jauh lagi, air di dekat tempat pembuangan sampah memiliki kenaikan sifat-sifat kimiafisik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan air yang jauh dari tempat pembuangan sampah; selain itu, air-air tersebut jauh berbeda (p ≥ 0,05). Oleh karenanya, semakin dekat air tanah dan air permukaan ke tempat pembuangan sampah, semakin besar dampak negatifnya terhadap sifat-sifat kimiafisik air. Konsentrasi pH di dalam lindi berfungsi sebagai suatu indikator untuk status usia dan mineralisasi tempat pembuangan sampah, dan hal ini mempengaruhi sifat-sifa...

This study was carried out to assess the variations of Reference Evapotranspiration (ETO also denoted with RET) calculated using FAO-56 Penman Monteith model of two locations Asaba and Uyo and evaluate its relationships with the variations of other climatic parameters. Meteorological data of forty one years (1975-2015) and thirty five years (1981-2015) period for Asaba and Uyo, respectively gotten from Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Abuja were used. It was observed that the variations of Evapotranspiration (ET) in both locations were in line with two seasons (rainy and dry) normally experienced in Nigeria having its highest value in March (4.8 mm/day) for Asaba and for Uyo in February (4.5 mm/day); and its lowest value in August (3.1 mm/day) for Asaba and in July (2.9 mm/day) for Uyo. ET variation when compared with other climatic variables in both locations was observed to have the same trend with maximum temperature, solar radiation and sunshine hours. It also has the same variation with minimum temperature though with slight deviation. It was observed that ET variation is inversely proportional to the variation relative humidity. Wind speed displayed relatively small variation in its trend over the study period and is not in line with the variations of ET.Keywords— Evapotranspiration, Climatic Variables, FAO Penman-Monteith Model, Variations

The amounts of agricultural waste in cow bone and industrial waste glass in Nigeria have been expanding significantly, thereby increasing the danger to general wellbeing particularly in urban communities. This research examined the suitability of ternary blends of pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder (PCBAWGP) equally combined and partially replaced Portland cement in 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % percentages in concrete production. Physical and chemical properties were done on the concrete constituent materials. Compressive and tensile strengths of the hardened concrete of grade M20, mix proportion 1:2.17:3.4 were tested after 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. The result of the physical properties uncovered that PCBAWGP had 2.70, 2.05 % and 1364 kg/m3 for specific gravity, moisture content and bulk density, respectively. From the consequences of the compressive strength, it showed that as the curing age of the concrete increases, the compressive strength expanded, the compressive strength outcomes at 10 % PCBAWGP partially replaced concrete is 15.55, 24.15, 19.85, 27.60 and 37.98 N/mm2 individually at 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. At 90 days curing age, the tensile strength results for the control mix and 20 % PCBAWGP replacement was 2.72 and 1.88 N/mm2, respectively. The concrete strengths improved with concrete age and this was statistically affirmed utilizing ANOVA. This investigation showed that utilizing PCBAWGP in concrete is sustainable thereby reducing the dumped wastes and lessen CO2 outflows into the atmosphere by diminishing the extent of Portland cement in unit volume of cement produced. HIGHLIGHTS The compressive strength of concrete reduces as % pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder PCBAWGP increases. The compressive strength generally increases with increase in age of curing. The minimum and maximum compressive strength of concrete at 10 and 40 % PCBAWGP content for 1:2.17:3.4 concrete mix ratio at 28- and 90-days curing age are 19.85, 37.98 N/mm2 and 15.68, 22.31 N/mm2, respectively The minimum and maximum tensile strength of concrete at 10 and 40 % PCBAWGP at 28- and 90-days curing age are 1.71, 2.19 N/mm2 and 0.70, 1.55 N/mm, respectively The result of the water absorption tests at 28 days and 90 days showed that concrete samples containing PCBAWGP built up a superior protection from harm by freezing as their outcomes were less than 7 % recommendation Concrete containing PCBAWGP contents up to 20 % as partial replacement for cement, fulfills the strength required for normal concrete From the production comparative cost analysis, concrete with PCBAWGP content, as partial substitution for cement, is cheaper than conventional concrete of equivalent strength GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT