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Nutritional studies recommend the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables to favor a healthy quality of life. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin and tiger nut against the carcinogenic activity of DMBA in female rats. 72 adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided equally into six groups: control group (I); hesperidin (HES) treated group (II); tiger nut (TN) treated group (III); DMBA treated group (IV); HES-DMBA treated group (V); and TN-DMBA treated group (VI). There was a significant increase in the levels of serum total sialic acid (TSA), progesterone (Prog) and estradiol (E2), and significant decreases of body weights and reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of DMBA treated group compared with the control. Histopathological observations of mammary gland showed that only female rats of DMBA and TN-DMBA treated groups showed breast cancer, while there was no evidence of malignancy in HES-DMBA treated group. In conclusion, our results suggested that supplementation of a diet with hesperidin provided antioxidant defense with chemoprotective activity more significant than tiger nut against the toxicity of DMBA in breast tissue.

Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice treated by rotenone. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups. Group (I) served as control that received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO); Group (II) mice treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.3 times per week); Group (III) mice received rotenone/L-dopa (25 mg/kg, P.O. daily); Group (IV) and Group (V) mice were treated with rotenone/spirulina (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O. daily) respectively for two weeks. Results: Rotenone-treated mice indicated impaired motor coordination and activity in wire hanging, wood walking, open field, and stair tests. Furthermore, rotenone treatment caused elevation in striatal levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), and caspase 3 and decrement in Bcl-2; dopamine and Glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, severe neuronal degeneration, striatal DNA fragmentation, and increased striatal 8-OHdG levels and MTH1 expression in the rotenone group. Additionally, spirulina treatment prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits striatal DNA fragmentation and demonstrated good restoration of the substantial neurons with reservation of the typical dark appearance. Besides, rotenone-induced biochemical changes were ameliorated by spirulina treatment as dopamine, Bcl-2, and GSH levels were increased, and striatal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase 3 levels were decreased. Conclusion: Natural products like spirulina could reverse rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in male mice due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.