Nosocomial infection is a recognized public health problem worldwide with a prevalence rate of 3.0-20.7% and an incidence rate of 5-10%. It has become increasingly obvious that infections acquired in the hospital lead to increased morbidity and mortality which has added noticeably to economic burden. However, after about three decades of nosocomial infection surveillance and control worldwide , it still remains an important problem for hospitals today. Studies have shown that most hospitals in developing countries especially Africa, have no effective infection control programme due to lack of awareness of the problem, lack of personnel, poor water supply, erratic electricity supply, ineffective antibiotic policies with emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant microbes, poor laboratory backup, poor funding and non-adherence to safe practices by health workers. It is recommended that the cost of hospital infection control programme should be included in the health budget of the country and fund allocated for the infection control committee for routine control purposes and to bear the cost of outbreaks. There is need for adequate staffing and continuous education of staff on the principles of infection control, especially hand washing which is the single most important effective measure to reduce the risks of cross infection.

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Conclusion: Since consuming a diet high in vegetable is associated with low BMI, Nutrition Education with emphasis on vegetable consumption is recommended.

Liver diseases are common in Africa and account for high morbidity and mortality. Hospital-based analyses indicate that acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are responsible for at least 12 percent of medical admissions and over 20 percent of hospital mortality in many parts of Africa.To determine the practices related to risk factors for liver diseases among adults in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. This descriptive cross survey was carried out in Ilorin West Local Government Area. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit 300 adults into the study. Pretested Interviewer administered structured questionnaire were used for the study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10 software. Chi-squared test was used to test for significant associations between variables. A pvalue of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Almost all the respondents (97%) practiced at least one risk factor for liver disease. The commonly practiced risk factors among the respondents in order of magnitude include; consumption of native concoction (76%), sharing blades (71%), uvulectomy (58%), circumcision (57%) and scarification (55%). Significantly more respondents who had tertiary education did not indulge in the use of native concoction (p<0.05) and did not also share blades (p<0.05). However, significantly more respondents from the Islamic faith are involved in the use of native concoction (p<0.05) and in sharing blades (p<0.05).The practice of risk factors for liver disease was very high among the respondents. Educational level and religion significantly affects the use of native concoctions and sharing of blades.

Background Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the potent and low cost chemotherapy used in clinical setting against a variety of tumors. However, its association with nephrotoxicity limits its therapeutic use. Ocimum gratissimum leaf is a medicinal plant with numerous pharmacological and therapeutic efficacies, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptotic properties. Methods The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) against CP-induced kidney dysfunction in rats. Rats were pre-treated with 400 mg/kg b.w. of leave extract of Ocimum gratissimum (Ocimum G.) for 4 days and then 50 mg/kg b.w. of CP was co-administered from day 5 to day 7 along with Ocimum G. Markers of renal function and oxidative stress, food and water intake, electrolytes, aldosterone, leukocytes infiltration, inflammation and histopathological alteration were evaluated. Results Obvious renal inflammation and kidney injuries were observed in CP treated groups. However, administration of leave extract of Ocimum G. prevented oxidative stress, kidney injuries, attenuated inflammation, increased aldosterone production and reduced sodium ion and water loss in rats. The plasma creatinine, urea and urine albumin concentration were normalized after the administration of Ocimum G. extract in rats treated with CP. Ocimum G. also decreased the plasma concentrations of Interleukin-(IL)-6, C-reactive protein and activity of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde in CP treated rats. Conclusion Ocimum G. prevented kidney injury and enhanced renal function via inhibiting inflammation and oxidant-induced CP toxicity. The efficacy of Ocimum G. is related to the presence of various phytochemicals in the plant.