The article deals with the formation of communicative competencies of applicants for higher education in the context of distance learning from the perspective of neurosciences. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that for a successful, effective organization of distance learning, it is necessary to select the rational methods of teaching, aimed at enhancing the development of personality. The purpose of the article: to clarify the interpretation of the concepts: “competence”, “communicative competence”, “distance learning”, “neuroscience”, “neurolinguistics”, to investigate service platforms for online learning; to find effective teaching methods that contribute to the formation of communicative competence of university applicants. Methods of work - analysis of scientific and methodological literature, system analysis. Results: the use of active teaching methods has a great impact on the formation of communicative competence in higher education students. Service platforms that help teachers conduct online learning with students have been investigated. It was emphasized that videoconferencing and video meetings help to form communicative competence with students. In addition, it was noted that higher education should be implemented using a competency-based approach. Novelty in the work is a review of neurolinguistic programming as one of the effective methods of formation of communicative competence. Conclusion: the use of current pedagogical technologies in the university helps to implement new principles of individualization and differentiation, taking into account the psychological aspects of the person associated with his intellect and speech.

The article presents the problem of social exclusion, which in the context of suchchallenges of global society as poverty, inequality, migration, aging of population, has become oneof the most urgent in different countries and continents. It is actual both, for the residents of theUSA and for the citizens of Ukraine. While living in different countries, we are the residents of ourcommon “house”- Earth and many problems of modern global world make us more close to eachother than we even can think. Among them - a problem of social exclusion and aging ofpopulation, which destroyes the democratic and human rights both of the inhabitants ofAppalachians and the hutsuls, living in Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine. The social, cultural andbehavioral aspects of the problem of exclusion and aging of population are analyzed in the article.Peculiarities of aging, cognitive and emotional state of personalities in the period of aging, thepersonality’s attitude towards aging and social exclusion reflect the feelings and experience ofpeople and show that they are similar as for residents of Appalachian region and for gutsuls ofCarpathian mountains. In the article it is stressed that social exclusion is dangerous for people ofall ages, especially for people from families, for residents of mountain regions, for orphans anddisabled. Not having sufficient capacity to manage the situation, they all feel powerless and unableto manage their life. That is why most countries of the world pay great attention to overcome socialexclusion. And since the second half of the 90-th the fight with social exclusion is an integral partnot only of the EU's and of the USA’s social policy, but it also has become an important direction ofthe social work in Ukraine.

Adolescence is a crisis period of personality development marked by significant physiological and neuropsychological changes that affect the growth and relationships with others. The uneven maturation of the limbic system and prefrontal cortex structures, characteristic of adolescence, provokes a decrease in subjective control and self-regulation, increased impulsivity, and emotional instability. Qualitative and quantitative morphometric changes in the brain of adolescents can cause behavioral problems, impaired control and self-regulation, a sharp change in areas of cognitive interests, the inability to understand themselves and explain their actions. These features are a predictor of the successful socialization of adolescents. Socialization is seen as a process in which the adolescent acquires the skills necessary for his entire existence in society. Psychophysiological changes in his body determine the nature and characteristics of socialization, relationships with others, the nature of actions, and social contacts. An important feature that promotes the adaptive socialization of adolescents is assertiveness. Assertiveness as personal property of behavior primarily involves the development of confidence, determination, perseverance, self-esteem, empathy, communication skills. The formation of assertive behavior significantly increases the adaptation processes of adolescents, normalizes the emotional sphere, has a positive effect on socialization, and sets the vector of social success, self-actualization, and self-realization.

Background: According to the last demographers' and psychologists' investigations ageing of societies has become an increasingly mass and progressing phenomenon. According to statistics, the average lifespan of people at the beginning of the twentieth century was 47-55 years and today it is around 85, the difference is about 30 years (Stuart Hamilton, Psychology of Ageing, 2010, p.15). As the result, the growth rate of the number of the elderly in the world is twice the population growth as a whole. At the same time in many countries the seniors usually are perceived as useless for the system and helpless in the face of changes. In this reason very often they find themselves out of society, they feel excluded from society and a number of problems have appeared just with that phenomenon. The most important of them are: the problems of social adaptation and social exclusion of seniors, the problems of effective using of professional potential of the elderly and creating conditions for their further education, the problem of their productive life and self-realization in this period of ontogeny. These problems require more deep investigation of the phenomenon of social exclusion, its conceptualization as newish research frame, justifying the psychological essence of the concept, investigations in the field of late adulthood, physical and psychological possibilities people in the period of senescence. Purpose: The study aim is tojustify a scientific meaning of the concept, to analyze the essence of the elderly period of ontogeny and to consider the factors that contribute to the social exclusion of elderly people in order to be recognized and resolved in time. Methods: Theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) were used to justify scientific meaning of the concept, to analyze the essence of the elderly period of ontogeny and to consider the factors that contribute to the social exclusion of elderly people. Results: The term "social exclusion" appeared at the end of the twentieth century. French governor Rene Lenoir (René Lenoir) introduced this term during the study of such social phenomena as poverty, marginalization, deprivation and others (Lenoir R., 1989). In particular R.Lenoir stated that 10% of French society in the 1980-ies was socially excluded: people with mental or physical disorders, bent on self-destruction, disabled, children subjected to violence, drug users, criminals and other social misfits. According to these indicatorssocial exclusion is a complex phenomenon where not only formal parameters, but such psychological factors as self