Introduction. Canonical discriminant analysis, based on the mean values of the traits, is widely used by anthropologists. These analyses use standard deviation means, as well as standard correlation coefficients. The question of the comparability of the results of such analysis with the results based on individual values remains open. Moreover, the existing inter-group variability in correlation coefficients can lead to altered analysis results when applying the correlation matrix calculated for the specific under analysis groups. This study compares the results of three variants of the canonical discriminant analysis: based on individual data, based on average values and a generalized (species-specific) correlation matrix, and based on average values and a regional (calculated for a certain region) correlation matrix. Materials and methods. Data from 48 ethno-territorial groups from the Old World were used. The series are dated close to modern times, from the 16th to the 20th century. Twenty-five craniometric linear features have been measured. For canonical analysis on individual data we used the R language package, and for average data analysis the MultiCan software was used. Results. The results of the two analyses performed on individual data and on average data turned out to be quite similar. A comparison of the results of a series of discriminant analyses carried out on samples of the three major races using different correlation matrices reveals some small differences in the mutual arrangement of groups. In general, the distribution of samples in the scatter plots, as well as the standardized coefficients of discriminant functions coincide, regardless of the type of initial data. Conclusion. In general, it may be concluded that the use of both individual values and sample averages in most cases leads to the same results. When individual values are used, the results may be distorted as a result of a strong reduction in the number of samples. Also, sample differentiation in this case is strongly influenced by a higher real intra-group variability.
Materials and methods. This article is a collective research conducted by the members of the Nubian archaeological and anthropological expedition of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The article outlines the main results of the expedition's work over four field seasons at the Deraheib site, located at the headstream of Wadi al-Allaqi, in the northern part of the Nubian desert (Central Atbai) in the Republic of Sudan. From 2017 to 2022 The Nubian expedition excavated the Northern Fortress, Building 3 (Mosque) at the settlement of Deraheib, the Southern Necropolis; carried out an reconnaissance mission to the Onib ring structure. Results and discussion. Based on the study of the obtained archaeological materials (primarily the analysis of ceramics and textiles), as well as data from written sources, it was established that the medieval part of history of the monument covers the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. The archaeological site of Deraheib can be associated with the city of Al-Allaqi, mentioned in Arabic sources as a gold mining center in the Nubian desert, a trading city that was located on one of the caravan routes connecting the Red Sea port of Aidhab and the city of Aswan. The materials of the excavations of the Northern Fortress made it possible to advance a hypothesis that the building, erected in the 9th century, functioned more like a fortified castle of the local ruler rather than a fortress. The study of Building 3 allows us to say with confidence that it was a Friday mosque, founded at the beginning of the 10th century. Ongoing excavations in the Southern Necropolis have revealed Muslim burials (25 out of 31 investigated burials) and burials that are associated with the population that lived on the territory of Atbai in the Late Antique — Early Medieval period, known from classical sources as Blemmyes. A group of anthropologists obtained important data on the sex and age of the population of Deraheib, traces of daily activities and pathologies reflected in the skeleton. An important direction in the research of the MSU complex expedition is the study of the modern population of Central Atbai, primarily the Bisharin tribe of the Beja tribal union. The article outlines the main directions of these studies and preliminary results.
человеческих популяций -одна из основных тем в антропологических исследованиях. В многочисленных работах давно показано большое значение линейных и угловых размеров черепа при изучении расовых различий. Однако, фактически нет данных о изменчивости корреляционной структуры черепа на расовом уровне. В то время как это одна из первоочередных задач при решении вопроса таксономической значимости признаков. Основной целью настоящей работы было исследование корреляционных структур размеров черепа монголоидной и европеоидной рас. Для этого мы рассчитали и сравнили коэффициенты корреляции исследуемых признаков у этих групп. Материал и методы. Материалами для данной работы послужили 15 краниологических серий (9 европеоидных, 6 монголоидных). Численность черепов европеоидов -310, монголоидов -328. Серии датируются XVI-XX вв. Включены данные только по мужским черепам. Материал измерялся по стандартной краниометрической программе: 9 размеров мозгового отдела и 8 размеров лицевого, также было измерено 4 дополнительных признака. Статистическая обработка данных проводилась стандартным способом. Для визуализации корреляционной структуры черепа был использован факторный анализ. Результаты. Между корреляционной структурой черепа у монголоидов и европеоидов существуют определенные различия. Можно наблюдать закономерное уменьшение большинства рассматриваемых значений коэффициентов корреляции у монголоидов, по сравнению с европеоидами. Обнаружено 18% достоверных различий от общего числа полученных значений. Наибольшие различия мы наблюдаем для корреляционной структуры мозгового отдела черепа и для связей размеров лицевого и мозгового отделов. Среди исследуемых коэффициентов корреляций явно выделяются связи высотных размеров мозгового отдела, а также широтные размеры свода черепа. Высотные размеры у монголоидов варьируют практически независимо от остальных размеров черепа. У европеоидов они связаны слабыми или средней силы связями с другими размерами мозгового отдела. Заключение. Таким образом было показано, что у европеоидов размеры мозгового отдела черепа более связаны друг с другом, нежели у монголоидов. Возможно, это связано с особыми микроэволюционными путями этих двух ветвей человечества. Установить с какими именно, на данном этапе исследований не представятся возможным. Ключевые слова: физическая антропология; краниология; биологическая корреляция; соотносительная и коррелятивная изменчивость
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