The widespread use of water in crop production and agriculture is due to a significant increase in yields during the watering of agricultural crops, as well as the transfer of pesticides and mineral fertilizers to plants and soil by water. One of the ways to improve the quality of water used in crop production is to structure it. An urgent task is to study the effect of structured water delivered to agricultural crops by watering or spraying on the yield, quality of the resulting products and agroecological condition of the soil. Field studies on pea crops were conducted at experimental sites of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, laboratory studies were conducted in accredited laboratories for monitoring the quality, safety of feed and raw materials of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the testing centre of the Vinnytsia branch of the state institution “Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine”. When watering peas with structured water, its yield increases by 42.3% compared to the version without water application and by 22.3% compared to the version with watering with plain water. Pea seeds when watered with structured water have a lower content of crude protein by 0.43 %, crude fat – by 0.09%, crude ash – by 0.63%, but a higher content of crude fibre by 0.11% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 0.99% compared to the version without water. The content of humus in the soil, when watered with structured water, was lower than in the version without water by 0.04%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 8.0%, mobile phosphorus – by 20.0%, exchangeable potassium – by 7.9%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.2 pH, hydrolytic acidity – by 21.7%, the concentration of mobile lead – by 18.4%. However, the concentration of mobile cadmium increased by 43.8% and soil moisture – by 4.3%. When comparing the indicators of the agroecological state of the soil, which was watered with structured and plain water, it was found that watering with structured water reduces the content of humus by 0.03%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 2.3%, mobile phosphorus – by 20%, exchange potassium – by 9.7%, hydrolytic acidity – by 7.7%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.3 pH, but increases the content of mobile lead by 10.9%, mobile cadmium – by 25.0% and increases the moisture content in the soil – by 2.7%

This paper reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of grain and leguminous crops yield dynamics in Dnipropetrovsk region and evaluates the role of agro-environmental and agro-economic factors in their formation. Crop data were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The data of the grain and grain legumes (pulses) yield during 1966–2016 on average per year in the administrative districts of Dnipropetrovsk region was analysed. The obtained data indicate that average yields of cereals and leguminous crops within Dnipropetrovsk region varies from 24.3 to 33.4 CWT/ha. The smallest interannual variability in yield is typical for Vasylkivskyi district (CV = 9.9%), and the largest is typical for Yurivskyi district (CV = 27.7%). As a result of the principal component analysis of the cereals and leguminous crops yields variability, three principal components were extracted which together explain 81.2% of the overall yield variability. Principal component 1 explains 69.4% of the total variability. It indicates the total synchronous yields variation within the area investigated as all examined variables have high loading values on principal component 1. The administrative districts that form a belt located in the direction from the north east to the south west of the region have the most coordinated variance, which is reflected by principal component 1. Principal component 2 explains 6.8% of the yield variability. This principal component is sensitive to opposite yield dynamics of central and south-western districts on the one hand and the eastern and northern districts – on the other. Principal component 3 explains 4.9% of the yield variability. This principal component reveals the opposite dynamics of productivity of the central districts on the one hand and the northern and south-eastern districts on the other. The cluster analysis of administrative districts was conducted based on the dynamics of the yield of grain and leguminous as a result of which four clusters were identified. The clusters are geographically defined administrative districts, together forming spatially connected areas. The similar temporal yield dynamics of grain and leguminous crops as a result of interaction between endogenous and exogenous ecological factors is the main principle for revealling such ecologically homogeneous territories. Spatial distribution of principal components indicates a continual pattern, but their overlapping allows one to extract spatially discrete units, which we identified as agroecological zones. Each zone is characterized by a certain character and dynamics of production capacity and has an invariant pattern of response to varying climatic, environmental, and agroeconomic factors.

In the variant without water treatment (control), the duration of the pea growing season was 77 days, spraying the crops with structured water extended the growing season by one day. The density of pea crops before harvesting in different variants was 695-936 pieces/m2. The densest was the sowing of peas on the option of watering with structured water, which was 19% more than in the control. The percentage of damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by disease was 4-7%. The most affected leaves were in the variant of spraying with ordinary water, which was 2% more than in the control. Irrigation of pea crops with structured water reduced the damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by diseases by 1%, compared with the control. No differences were found in other variants compared to the control. Damage of pea seeds by pests was 4-7% of beans. The highest percentage of bean damage was found in the variant of spraying with structured water, and the lowest - in the control and watering with structured water. Weediness of pea crops in different variants was 46-79 pieces/m2. Weeds were found more than in the control with watering options: structured water - by 39.5%, ordinary water - by 22%. In the other cases, the weeds did not differ from the control. The number of beans per pea plant ranged from 6.9 to 9.5 pieces. Most beans were observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 14.7% more than in the control. The number of grains in one pea was 5.3-6.2 pcs. The largest number of grains in beans was found in the options of spraying with structured water, watering with structured water, and watering with ordinary water, which was 8.1% more than in the control. The mass of a thousand pea seeds was 244-248 g. The largest mass of a thousand seeds was observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 1.2% more than in the control. The highest yield of pea grain was established on the variant of irrigation with structured water - 5.79 t/ha, which was 42.3% more than on the control and 22.3% more than on the variant of irrigation with ordinary water. Spraying with structured water provides a yield of 4.65 t/ha, which was 28.2% more than in the control and 28.8% more than when spraying with ordinary water, but 19.7% less than when watering with structured with water.

Biochemical oxygen consumption for five days in water without structuring is 5.0 mgO2/dm3, which is 1.7 MPC. With the structuring of water, the indicator of biochemical oxygen consumption decreased by 20%, to 4.0 mgO2/dm3, which was 1.3 MPC. The pH of water without structuring was 7.27, and in structured water it decreased by 0.7% or by 0.5 pH to 7.22 pH. The concentration of suspended solids in unstructured water was 180.0 mg/dm3, while the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of suspended solids in surface waters was 15 mg/dm3. This indicates a strong pollution of the reservoir with suspended substances, 12 times higher than the permissible limits. With the structuring of water, the concentration of suspended solids decreased by 50.6%, to 89.0 mg/dm3, but this was 5.9 times higher than the MPC. The actual concentration of chlorides in water without structuring was 108.92 mg/dm3, and with structuring of water, the concentration of chlorides increased by 14.7%, to a level of 127.64 mg/dm3. In comparison with the maximum permissible concentration of chlorides in the reservoir, in both cases the actual chloride content was significantly less than the MPC and amounted to 0.3 and 0.4 MPC, respectively. The content of ammonium nitrogen in the reservoir without structuring was 6.63 mg/dm3, which was 4.4 times higher than the permissible limits. The structuring of water contributed to a decrease in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in surface waters by 16%, to 5.57 mg/dm3. This concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in water also exceeded the maximum permissible value by 3.7 times. The nitrate content in water without structuring was 5.18 mg/dm3. The structuring of water contributed to a decrease in the concentration of nitrates by 24.7%, to a level of 3.9 mg/dm3. This concentration of nitrates in the reservoir is significantly lower than the permissible limits and amounts to 0.52 and 0.39 MPC, respectively. The actual concentration of surfactants in the reservoir without structuring was 0.01 mg/dm3. After structuring, the concentration of surfactants in water was less than 0.01 mg/dm3, which is less than the technical sensitivity of the measuring device. Therefore, the ecological efficiency of structuring water to reduce the concentration of synthetic surfactants is more than 10%. Since the maximum permissible concentration of synthetic surfactants in water bodies is 0.2 mg/dm3, their actual concentration was much less than this indicator. Permanganate oxidizability of water without its structuring was 10.67 mgO2/dm3. With the structuring of water, permanganate oxidation decreased by 27.6% and amounted to 7.73 mgO2/dm3. Without structuring water, the permanganate oxidizability was 1.1 MPC, which was more than the permissible level, and when using a structurant, it was 0.8 MPC, which ensures acceptable limits. The transparency of the water without structuring was 2.5 cm. The structuring of the water led to an increase in the transparency of the reservoir by 44.4%, up to 4.5 cm. The minimum permissible transparency of surface waters should be 10 cm. This indicates that the water from both experimental variants is very contaminated with an excess of the permissible limits by 4 and 2.2 times, respectively.

У статті розглянуто вплив реклами та PR-технологій на готельно-ресторанну індустрію. Проаналізовано ефективність використання соціальної мережі Instagram для просування готельно-ресторанного бізнесу. Розглянуто основні переваги та недоліки рекламної кампанії у мережі. Зважаючи на розвиток індустрії гостинності, реклама та PR-технології є основними засобами просування ресторанного бізнесу. Адже сучасна готельно-ресторанна сфера дуже динамічна, щодня відкриваються різноманітні заклади, яким з урахуванням зростаючої конкуренції потрібно просувати власний заклад за допомогою реклами і PR-акцій. Також, важливо, що за допомогою Інтернету і соціальних мереж можна розробляти різні види інтернет-реклами. Вельми актуальним на сьогодні у розвитку та популяризації ресторану чи готелю є створення контенту для закладу, або ж як це називають Social Media Marketing (SMM).