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This study demonstrates a high rate of cerebral embolization and neurocognitive decline affecting patients following TEVAR. Brain injury after TEVAR is more common than previously recognized, with cerebral infarction in more than 80 per cent of patients.

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Background: MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an effective treatment for essential tremor (ET). However, the optimal intracranial target sites remain to be determined. Objective: To assess MRgFUS induced sequential lesions in (anterior-VIM/VOP nuclei) the thalamus and then posterior subthalamic area (PSA) performed during the same procedure for alleviating ET. Methods: 14 patients had unilateral MRgFUS lesions placed in anterior-VIM/VOP then PSA. Bain-Findley Spirals were collected during MRgFUS from the treated arm (BFS-TA) and throughout the study from the treated (BFS-TA) and non-treated (BFS-NTA) arms and scored by blinded assessors. Although, the primary outcome was change in the BFS-TA from baseline to 12 months we have highlighted the 24-month data. Secondary outcomes included the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST), Quality of Life for ET (QUEST) and PHQ-9 depression scores. Results: The mean improvement in the BFS-TA from baseline to 24 months was 41.1% (p < 0.001) whilst BFS-NTA worsened by 8.8% (p < 0.001). Intra-operative BFS scores from the targeted arm showed a mean 27.9% (p < 0.001) decrease after anterior-VIM/VOP ablation and an additional 30.1% (p < 0.001) reduction from post anterior-VIM/VOP to post-PSA ablation. Mean improvements at 24 month follow-up in the CRST-parts A, B and C were 60.7%, 30.4% and 65.6% respectively and 37.8% in QUEST-tremor score (all p < 0.05). Unilateral tremor severity scores decreased in the treated arm (UETTS-TA) 72.9% (p ¼ 0.001) and non-treated arm (UETTS-NTA) 30.5% (p ¼ 0.003). At 24 months residual adverse effects were slight unsteadiness (n ¼ 1) and mild hemi-chorea (n ¼ 1). Conclusion: Unilateral anterior-VIM/VOP and PSA MRgFUS significantly diminished contralateral arm tremor with improvements in arm function, tremor related disability and quality of life, with an acceptable adverse event profile.

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