The immunoexpression of the PD-L1 and the number of immune infiltrating cells have been shown to be a significant prognostic factors in various human cancers. Immunohistochemical method was used to examine the immunoexpression of PD-L1 and number of Foxp3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells in 78 cases of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs): with better prognosis - OSCCBP (n = 37), and with poorer prognosis - OSCCPP (n = 41), and 18 cases of normal mucosa as a control. The immunoexpression of PD-L1 and the mean number of Foxp3+ cells was significantly increased in OSCCPP group in comparison to OSCCBP and control groups. The mean number of CD4+ cells was significantly increased in OSCCPP group in comparison to OSCCBP and control groups. CD8+ cells were significantly more numerous in OSCCBP group in comparison to OSCCPP and control group. In both OSCCPP and OSCCBP groups there were positive significant correlations between number of Foxp3+ and CD4+ cells. We found positive correlations between the immunoexpression of PD-L1 and numbers of Foxp3+ cells, and negative correlation between the immunoexpression of PD-L1 and numbers of CD8+ cells in both OSCCPP and OSCCBP groups. We found also significant positive correlation between immunoexpression of PD-L1 and the number of CD4+ cells in OSCCPP group. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis of involvement of Tregs and PD-L1 in OSCC development and progression.
Overexpression of inhibitory checkpoint PD1/PD-L1 plays an important role in carcinogenesis and patients prognosis. 70 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 23 cases of oral leukoplakia (OLK), and 19 control cases were immunohistochemically stained with anti-PD-L1, -CD8, and -CD163 antibodies. PD-L1 was expressed on dysplastic and subepithelial infiltrating cells of OLK as well as on cancer and tumor-infiltrating cells of OSCC. In OSCC, PD-L1 immunoexpression was significantly increased in comparison to OLK, and control groups. The correlative study showed significant correlations between the immunoexpression of PD-L1 and the number of CD8+, CD163+ cells in both OLK and OSCC groups. We found also significant negative correlation between the number of PD-L1+ infiltrating cells and the number of CD8+ cells in OSCC, and positive correlation between the number of PD-L1+ infiltrating cells and CD163+ cells in OLK and OSCC groups. In conclusion, our study indicate that CD163+ and CD8+ infiltrating cells influence the early and subsequent stages of oral carcinogenesis. We demonstrated also that studied tumors may evade the host immune system by PD-L1 immunoexpression not only on epithelial cells but on infiltrating cells as well.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are skin diseases associated with eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltrations. Although cytokines are critical for the inflammatory process, there are single findings concerning concentration of IL-17 in bullous diseases. The goal of this study was to assess IL-17 expression in DH and BP patients. Skin biopsies were taken from 10 DH, 14 BP patients and from 10 healthy subjects. The localization and expression of IL-17 was studied by immunohistochemistry and the serum concentration was measured by immunoassays. Expression of IL-17 in the epidermis and in influxed cells in dermis was detected in skin biopsies. Expression of IL-17 was statistically higher in epidermis and infiltration cells in specimens from BP than from DH patients. Examined interleukin expression was detected in perilesional skin of all patients but it was much lower than in lesional skin. The expression of IL-17 was not observed in biopsies from healthy people. Serum level of IL-17 was statistically higher in BP and DH groups as compared to control group. Our results provide the evidence that IL-17 may play an essential role in activating and recruiting eosinophils and neutrophils, which ultimately contribute to the tissue damage in DH and BP.
From our data we conclude that FGFR1 and FGFR3, as well as its downstream regulatory PI3K/AKT kinases, may serve as potential biomarkers for the invasiveness and prognosis of laryngeal cancer. The expression of FGFR1/3-PI3K/AKT regulatory pathway members may be instrumental for the identification of patients at risk for an unfavorable clinical outcome.
Cancer stem cells (CSC) play an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis and prognosis. The study aimed at examining the expression of CD24, CD44, and CD133 in human PDAC and CP in order to evaluate its clinicopathological correlations and the clinical significance. Surgical specimens from 23 patients with PDAC and 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis after pancreatic resection were stained with CD24, CD44, and CD133 antibodies. The intensity of staining was scored from 0 (negative) to 3 (strongly positive). Results. Mean CD24 staining score in PDAC was 1.38 ± 0.76 and was significantly higher than that in CP: 0.70 ± 0.53 (p < 0.01); CD44 score in PDAC was 2.23 ± 0.42 and was significantly higher than that in CP: 1.87 ± 0.55 (p < 0.05); CD133 score 0.93 ± 0.58 was not different from CP: 0.71 ± 0.43 (p > 0.05). CD44 immunoreactivity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pT1 and pT2 patients together as regards pT3: 2.45 ± 0.37 versus 2.06 ± 0.38 as well as in N0 patients compared to N1 patients: 2.5 ± 0.38 versus 2.04 ± 0.34. Conclusions. CD24 and CD44 are upregulated in human pancreatic cancer compared to chronic pancreatitis. CD44 immunoreactivity decreases with the tumor advancement and may represent the negative PDAC prognostic factor. Each CSC marker was differently related to PDAC advancement. CD133 may lack clinical significance in PDAC.
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