Abstract. Structuralism is an intellectual movement to the human sciences with a profound effect on linguistics, sociology and other fields as well as philosophy which tries to analyze a specific field as a sophisticated system of interrelated parts. Structuralism believes that all human activity and its products are constructed and not natural. It also holds that everything has meaning. Structuralism underlies on the concepts that every system possesses a structure, that structure determines the position of every element of a whole, that structural rules deal with coexistence than changes, and that structures are the "real things" underlying the surface of meaning. In language and linguistic studies, structuralism includes collecting a corpus of utterances and then attempting to classify all of the elements of the corpus at their different linguistic levels. It also tries to explain broad subjects by surveying their individual components and the way they interact to each other. Taking the structuralist's approach to language teaching will help the teachers and practitioners develop a methodology and then apply to any problem. It assists the students to learn through context. The structural approach views the language as being divided into various components interacting with each other and then forming the rules of the language.

Each culture is based on a specific system of subject meanings, social stereotypes and cognition patterns. The “worldview” invariant is determined by socially developed supports (by meanings, in the first place). In its turn, there may be a worldview which is common for the whole society (for a socio-cultural community or ethnos) or an individual one typical of a specific group (a socio-cultural group) within a given ethnos. In the process of ontogenesis, a child learns words in its native language, while lying behind these words is an integral image of consciousness comprising two layers. The first layer is the existential one. It includes the bio-dynamic tissue of live movement and action, as well as a sensory image. The second layer is the reflexive one, which includes meaning and sense. Behind a language sign, there is an organic cell, which is part of a worldview typical of a specific culture. The systemic character of meanings reflects the system of concepts existing in a given culture, in a Universe structure (worldview) formed within this culture. It is the association component represented by figurative and metaphoric connotations that determines the semantic content of a cultural concept.

Due to the wide-spread use of dysphemisms in contemporary speech, the topic of dysphemia has become extremely important. At the same time, research on this issue is clearly not sufficient to cover this phenomenon in full. This study pursued the following goal: to analyze the morphological features of dysphemisms within the framework of artistic discourse. The concept of dysphemism was described, and a classification of dysphemisms in contemporary linguistics was provided. Dysphemisms represented by different parts of speech were analyzed, enabling conclusions to be drawn about the features and frequency of dysphemism use. All results were illustrated with examples from artistic discourse. The research findings are summarized in the conclusion.

This study is an attempt to describe the expressive means used in American political cartoons covering the most prominent events before and during Donald Trump’s presidency. Political cartoon as a type of political text is widely adopted in political communication with the aim to manipulate people’s minds. The results of the study show the functioning of verbal units at all language levels and nonverbal means (visual metaphors and symbols) that help cartoonists show the Trump’s presidency in a humorous way and shape public opinion about the 45th president of the United States. The graphical means comprising capitalization, font and red colour captivate the reader’s attention by emphasizing the key issues in the cartoons. Phonetic means which are sound effects and sound repetitions stress Trump’s emotional condition, underlying his immediate reactions to any criticism. The lexical means such as comparison and antithesis draw the parallel between Trump and other political actors stating Trump’s role in American politics as a leader. Syntactic techniques (exclamatory, interrogative, and rhetorical sentences) point at Trump’s problem solving skills, and his original ideas. Symbols, hidden in the cartoons, contain extra linguistic information that is necessary for understanding the cartoonist’s message. Visual metaphors transmit the information through easily recognized vivid images and comparisons.