Background. There is evidence for violation or a complete change in the arm swing cycle during walking in a number of pathologic conditions. Aim. We assess the functional state of the shoulder and elbow joints in normal conditions and with joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) using the kinematic instrumental method of analyzing gait. Material and methods. We studied 27 adolescent girls 1215 years old with JHS and healthy subjects. A Vicon motion capture analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, Great Britain) was used to record biomechanical parameters. Results. A decrease in limb movement amplitudes was noted in the shoulder joint around the frontal and sagittal axes in patients with JHS compared to the norm. During the arm swing cycle in the normal state, the shoulder is in a state of internal rotation, whereas in the girls with JHS, the shoulder is in a state of external rotation for most of the arm swing cycle. The elbow joint in the JHS subjects showed a significant increase in flexion angle of the forearm in the swing phase of 41.5 0.90 and a decrease in this angle in the stance phase. The JHS group also showed a decrease in power of the muscles acting on the shoulder joint. Conclusions. A common sign of changes in the range of motion of the links of the upper limb in the shoulder and elbow joints in subjects with JHS was decreased amplitude of their flexion and decreased power of the joints. In the adolescents with JHS in the shoulder joint, a significant decrease in the internal rotation angles and reduction of the limb was found.

The purpose of this work is to study the angular displacement and kinematics of the knee joint during walking. and spatio-temporal gait characteristics using motion capture data analysis, based on the observation of a group of healthy young adults. The angles of knee joint were registered for 29 young men at age 18-35. Was used Vicon motion capture system consisting of 10 cameras T40, AMTI platforms and Vicon Polygon and Vicon Nexus software. Results. The amplitude of knee joint flexion was 54.2±0.9°; knee axis rotation - 8.9±0.9°; lateral knee displacement - 11.9±0.9°. A relationship was found between flexion and extension of the knee joint and rotation of the hip joint. The relevant time-spatial gait parameters in the stance and swing phase, movement amplitude of the knee should be taken into account when choosing the best treatment. The data obtained in this study can be used as a normative basis for research in the early diagnosis of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system.

Modern treatment of foot deformities made it possible to increase the positivity of the outcomes of their surgical treatment. Surgical correction of anatomical distortions significantly improves the supporting and motor functions of the foot. To achieve this goal are widely used in various corrective interventions on the anterior section of the foot. The abundance of methods for these operations indicates that there are no optimal standards to date. The influence of bone and articular changes to locomotion and dynamics of movements of the lower extremities remains largely unexplored. Expanding the diagnosis of dynamic changes in the gait cycle as a result of deformity of the forefoot can help optimize the choice of correction method. This will give the potential to determine the indications for a particular method of restoring the correctness of anatomical relationships. Therefore, diagnostics of the transformation of the gait cycle with deformations of the forefoot is of undoubted interest. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the biomechanical features of movement of a person with anterior foot deformity, pain syndrome caused by deformity, and to explain the influence of the deformed foot shape on the change of individual phases of the gait cycle. To find out the changes in the walking function, we used a three-dimensional video analysis method. The main group was represented by 29 patients with anterior deformity of feet. The research was organized in 2018-2020. The average age was 51.3±16.5 years (from 20 to 80 years female patients were 29 (96.7%)). The control group consisted of 22 healthy women without foot deformities, with an average age of 45.4±15.5 years. The tool base of the research was the Vicon motion capture system (digital infrared cameras Vicon T40-10 PCs., video cameras Vicon bonita 720-2 PCs., dynamometer platform AMTI – 2 PCs., software Vicon Nexus, Vicon Polygon). The study used a full Body Plugin Gate (URM-FRM) skeletal model consisting of 39 reflective markers arranged in a certain order on the human body. The analysis of kinematic data revealed that all 29 studied patients had violations of biomechanics of movements in the joints of the lower extremities. There was an increase in the time of double support by 22.2% from 0.21±0.057 s for the control group to 0.27±0.064 s for the main group. Video analysis allowed us to combine the data obtained using computer graphical visualization of movements with the indicators of the support reaction force and the speed of movement of the lower extremities in patients with foot deformities, as well as to reveal the internal architecture of the gait cycle.

Complex kinematic analysis of human motion has become achievable through new technological developments. Several new studies have already taken advantage of the new kinematic approach for documentation and analysis of pathological motion, including palsy, paralyses, Parkinson’s disease and others. However, physiological motion of gait and corresponding upper limb motion has seldom been studied. The aim of this study was to collect and analyse data of shoulder motion of 45 healthy young males during the gait cycle. Detailed dynamic kinematic measurements revealed that the arm remained constantly in an internal rotation position with changing and adapting angle along the gait cycle with maximal internal rotation at mid-stance and at mid-swing, and minimal internal rotation in the beginning and at the end of the cycle, as well as at mid-cycle. At the same time, the arm remained constantly in an adduction position, with maximal adduction by mid-cycle and minimal adduction in the beginning and at the end of the cycle. In parallel, the arm reached maximal extension around the beginning and the end of the cycle, with maximal flexion just before mid-cycle. During the gait cycle, there was regular and repetitive movements of the shoulder joint and the arm with constant range of movements, i.e. for the shoulder: 24.6°±3.4° for the flexion-extension movement, 6.44°±0.2° for the adduction-abduction movement and 4.57°±0.1° for the rotational movement. These data provide a first valuable base of the normal, physiological role of the arm for a stable and balanced gait in young adult males. From there, pathologies of the arm and shoulder may be dissected and their influence on the gait cycle investigated in the future. In addition, these data may also be used for the design and control of robotic arm prosthesis.