Fully-digital impedance bridges are emerging as measuring instruments for primary electrical impedance metrology and the realization of impedance units and scales. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of electronic fully-digital impedance bridges, for both generating (based on digital-toanalog converters) and digitizing (based on analog-to-digital converters) bridges. The sources of measurement error are analyzed in detail and expressed by explicit mathematical formulae ready to be applied to the specific bridge and measurement case of interest. The same can be employed also as a basis to optimize the design and the operating parameters of digital bridges, and to evaluate the measurement uncertainty. A practical application of the analysis to the digital bridges developed and measurements performed in the framework of an international research project is presented.

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This report presents the results of a comparison of measurements on four electronic DC reference standards performed by national metrology institutes in the EUROMET region and BIPM. The results of the comparison, in terms of degrees of equivalence, show that there is a good agreement between the measurement results of the participants. The results also show that the time-dependent fluctuations in the output voltages of the travelling standards provide one of the main sources of uncertainty.Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the EUROMET, comparison identifier EUROMET.EM.BIPM-K11, according to the provisions of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).