International scientific collaboration has increased both in volume and importance. In this article, the authors study the interpretation of macro-level data on international coauthorship collaboration. They address such questions as how one might explain countryto-country differences in the rates of international coauthorship, networks of international scientific collaboration among countries, and patterns of international collaboration in scientific fields. Attention is drawn to cognitive, social, historical, geopolitical, and economic factors as potential determinants of the observed patterns. They present a methodology that gives one a measure, independent of size, of countries'propensities to collaborate internationally.The first collaborative scientific paper was published in 16f5,' and the number of collaborative papers has increased ever since, first slowly, then dramatically after the middle of the eighteenth century. Beaver and Rosen noted collaborative linkages across national borders as early as the nineteenth century.' These linkages increased toward the end of the century, and international collaboration has grown in importance throughout the present century.

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A citation analysis was applied to articles published in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science. The document set consisted of 209 genuine articles from the 1988-1990 SSCI@ CD-ROM. To find the intellectual base of these articles a cocitation analysis was made. A map of the most cocited authors shows considerable resemblance to a map of information science produced by other methods. Citation-based bibliographic coupling was applied to the same set of documents in order to define research fronts, i.e., clusters of articles using similar parts of the intellectual base. It is also shown that the research front map has a close correspondence with the map of the intellectual base.