This article provides a conceptual framework and points out the key elements for creating enabling environments for adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH). An ecological framework is applied to organize the key elements of enabling environments for ASRH. At the individual level, strategies that are being implemented and seem promising are those that empower girls, build their individual assets, and create safe spaces. At the relationship level, strategies that are being implemented and seem promising include efforts to build parental support and communication as well as peer support networks. At the community level, strategies to engage men and boys and the wider community to transform gender and other social norms are being tested and may hold promise. Finally, at the broadest societal level, efforts to promote laws and policies that protect and promote human rights and address societal awareness about ASRH issues, including through mass media approaches, need to be considered.

Cognitive damage from iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has important implications for economic growth through its effect on human capital. To gauge the magnitude of this influenceA number of recent cross-country studies provide evidence that ecological conditions related to health environment, such as malaria transmission rates, have a direct effect on economic growth (Sachs, 2001;Malaney and Sachs, 2002). One critical aspect of health environment that has received little attention in the literature is the concentration of trace elements in soil and rock, which differs widely across settings as a result of geographic variation in the age of surface rock (Marett, 1936). Among minerals found in soil, iodine is potentially one of the most important for human growth and development since it is the only micronutrient known to have significant, irreversible effects on brain development (Cao et al., 1994;Hetzel and Mano, 1989;Pharoah and Connolly, 1987). Field and Robles: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (email: efield@latte.harvard.edu, orobles@fas.harvard.edu). Torero: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC (email: m.torero@cgiar.org). We thank Lisa Vura-Weis and Sonali Murarka for excellent research assistance. We are also grateful for feedback and discussion from three anonymous referees and numerous seminar participants.

In particular, the study focuses on differences in marriage and divorce patterns by educational attainment and by age at marriage. This work is descriptive and does not attempt to explain causation or why marriage patterns differ across groups.About 85 percent of the NLSY79 cohort married by age 46, and among those who married, a sizeable fraction, almost 30 percent, married more than once. The bulk of marriages occurred by age 28, with relatively few marriages taking place at age 35 or older. Approximately 42 percent of marriages that took place between ages 15 and 46 ended in divorce by age 46. In the NLSY79, women in this cohort were more likely to marry and to

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