Nanoparticles typically have dimensions of less than 100 nm. Scientists around the world have recently become interested in nanotechnology because of its potential applications in a wide range of fields, including catalysis, gas sensing, renewable energy, electronics, medicine, diagnostics, medication delivery, cosmetics, the construction industry, and the food industry. The sizes and forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are the primary determinants of their properties. Nanoparticles’ unique characteristics may be explored for use in electronics (transistors, LEDs, reusable catalysts), energy (oil recovery), medicine (imaging, tumor detection, drug administration), and more. For the aforementioned applications, the synthesis of nanoparticles with an appropriate size, structure, monodispersity, and morphology is essential. New procedures have been developed in nanotechnology that are safe for the environment and can be used to reliably create nanoparticles and nanomaterials. This research aims to illustrate top-down and bottom-up strategies for nanomaterial production, and numerous characterization methodologies, nanoparticle features, and sector-specific applications of nanotechnology.

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The unsteady MHD free convection heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid passing through a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium in the presence of chemical reactions and thermal radiation is investigated. The effects of the Hall current, rotation and Soret are studied. Using the perturbation approach, one can obtain an accurate analytical solution to the governing equations for the fluid velocity, fluid temperature, and species concentration, provided that the initial and boundary conditions are acceptable. It is possible to obtain expressions for the shear stress, rate of heat transfer, and rate of mass transfer for both plates with the ramping temperature and isothermal conditions. On the one hand, the numerical values of the primary and secondary fluid velocities, fluid temperature, and species concentration are presented graphically. On the other hand, the numerical values of the shear stress and rate of mass transfer for the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of the relevant flow parameters. These values are given for a range of pertinent flow parameters. It was determined that an increase in the Hall and Soret parameters over the whole fluid area leads to a corresponding increase in the resulting velocity. The resultant velocity continually climbs to a high level due to the contributions of the thermal and solute buoyancy forces. Lowering the heat source parameter reduces the temperature distribution, resulting in a lower overall temperature. When there is a rise in the chemical reaction parameter over the whole fluid area, there is a corresponding decrease in the concentration. The concentration buoyancy force, Hall current, and Prandtl number reduce the skin friction. On the other hand, the permeability of the porous medium, rotation, chemical reaction, the Soret number, thermal buoyancy force, and mass diffusion all have the opposite effects on the skin friction.

The intention of this study is to carry out a numerical investigation of time-dependent magneto-hydro-dynamics (MHD) Eyring–Powell liquid by taking a moving/static wedge with Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Thermal radiation was taken into account for upcoming solar radiation, and the idea of bioconvection is also considered for regulating the unsystematic exertion of floating nanoparticles. The novel idea of this work was to stabilized nanoparticles through the bioconvection phenomena. Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are combined in the most current revision of the nanofluid model. Fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity that depend on temperature are predominant. The extremely nonlinear system of equations comprising partial differential equations (PDEs) with the boundary conditions are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through an appropriate suitable approach. The reformed equations are then operated numerically with the use of the well-known Lobatto IIIa formula. The variations of different variables on velocity, concentration, temperature and motile microorganism graphs are discussed as well as force friction, the Nusselt, Sherwood, and the motile density organism numbers. It is observed that Forchheimer number decline the velocity field in the case of static and moving wedge. Furthermore, the motile density profiles are deprecated by higher values of the bio convective Lewis number and Peclet number. Current results have been related to the literature indicated aforementioned and are found to be great achievement.

Background: The improvement of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is practical for different processes such as drug delivery, manufacturing of crystals, polymer processing, food and drink, cancer treatment, oil and gas, paper making and for many more. The bioconvection phenomenon has engrossed the attention of numerous researchers for its many applications in biotechnology, mechanical and electrical engineering. Bioconvection nanofluids are more prominent in the fields of biomedicine, pharmacy, nanodrug delivery, biomedical, automotive cooling and the military. Purpose: The major purpose of the current work was to determine the numerical and statistical analysis of a novel thermal radiation and exponential space-based heat source on the bioconvective flow of a pseudoplastic 3D nanofluid past a bidirectional stretched Riga surface. The behavior of the Arrhenius activation energy (AAE) and thermal radiation are also disclosed. Methodology: Suitable similarity transformations were used to transmute the partial differential equations of the flow-modeled phenomena into the structure of ordinary differential ones. The numerical solutions for the renewed set of ODEs were tackled by the bvp4c shooting algorithm built-in MATLAB software. Furthermore, the statistical analysis was computed by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Research implications: The numerical analysis is valid for the incompressible three-dimensional, magnetized flow of a pseudoplastic bioconvection nanofluid through a bidirectional surface with Riga plate aspects in the occurrence of activation energy. Social implications: The flow across three dimensions has quite important implementations in various fields, for example, polymer production, material production technology, the manufacturing of nano-biopolymer computer graphics, industry, powered engineering, aeroplane configurations, etc. The current analysis is more applicable in nanotechnology. Results: The consequences of flow control parameters over flow profiles were studied and explained under the graphic structures. Numerical outcomes were computed and discussed in detail. From the results, it was noted that the velocity field was increased via a larger mixed convection parameter. The temperature distribution was boosted via the thermal Biot number. The concentration of nanoparticles declined via the greater Lewis number. Furthermore, the motile microorganisms field was reduced via the Peclet number. Originality: Until now, no investigation has been recognized to examine the consequences of the bioconvection flow of three-dimensional pseudoplastic nanofluids past a Riga plate containing motile microorganisms utilizing the shooting method called bvp4c. Conclusions: From the results, it was concluded that nanofluids are more helpful for heat transfer increments. Furthermore, from the experimental design observed, the response declined via the thermophoresis parameter, which was significant from the ANOVA observed model.