The paper highlights the peculiarities of histological changes in different subdivisions of the intralobular duct of the submandibular gland in rats in case of experimental hyperglycemia. Materials and methods. The study included 40 male Wistar rats weighing 230 to 250g. Experimental hyperglycemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin. Biochemical and morphological investigations were conducted; the morphometric analysis was carried out. Results. Since the 28th day of the experiment, on the background of dynamic increase in the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin in the blood, there was observed the development of dystrophic changes in epithelial cells of the granular and striated ducts being accompanied by a gradual decrease in epithelial cell height by 10.28 -29.46% and 10.77 -28.28%, respectively. Morphological changes in the intercalated ducts were detected later -since the 42 nd day of the experiment and the decrease in their epithelial cell height -by 15.60%, was seen on the 70 th day only. Conclusions. Morphological changes in different subdivisions of the intralobular duct are of dystrophic nature and can be histologically detected since the 28 th day of the experiment; they depend on the duration of hyperglycemia and are accompanied by a dynamic decrease in epithelial cell height.

Objective: To demonstrate the capabilities of cluster analysis in receiving scientific innovation results in morphological studies of cells of the bladder urothelium.Materials and methods.10 Wistar rats were used. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; electron microscope studies were  conducted; morphometry was performed in ImageJ and statistics – in studio-R using nonparametric methods and multivariate statistics.Results. A brief description of the main stages of cluster analysis shows way to determine the most important features of uroteliocytes and to reveal their heterogeneity, algorithms of Euclidean metrics and methods of clustering were described, the features of the application of the analysis in morphological studies were presented, an example of using these methods in searching for new results was presented, the models of morphological substantiation of clustering results were showed. Conclusion: 1) cluster analysis provides a scientific novelty in studies of transitional epithelium of the bladder; 2) it is used in case of heterogeneity of cellular composition of urothelium that is detected with a help of coefficient of variation; 3) the most significant features of uroteliocytes are their cell area and their nuclei area; 4) new results on the number of clusters were obtained by method of Ward, and new data on their indicators – by k-means; 5) Euclidean metric is the best to use; 6) to assess the adequacy of the results pairwise comparisons between multiple clusters were carried out according to their indicators; 7) results are presented in dimentional projection and they characterize cellular composition of the urothelium as structural system and detect systemic effects.

The peculiarities of preparation and performance of two kinds of binary lectures which are a binary lecture- dispute and an interdisciplinary binary lecture are in detail described in this paper. They diff er in their essence, aim, tasks, means of preparation, the choice of lecturer- partner, the format of the material.The aim of the binary lecture- dispute is to organize a controversy on a problematic issue between two lecturers. The more lively the discussion, the more interesting it is for the students, and the easier it is to involve them into the discussion. The form of presenting the material is a powerful motivational stimulus. The professional competence of lecturers can be diff erent, their communication, expressiveness and acting skills are more important. Mostly they are teachers of one department. There is no necessity to distribute lecture material and time between lecturers. It also does not require rehearsals without students. Such a lecture is more interesting for them.The aim of the interdisciplinary binary lecture is to show the interdisciplinary continuity, when the basic data of one discipline are necessary for mastering of another one. It does not involve any dispute and is presented as a consistent monologue of two lecturers. It is not possible to involve the students, because previously acquired knowledge is forgotten, and the knowledge provided – is still unknown to them. Motivation for students is only the relevance of the theme and lecture skills. The lectures are always delivered by tutors of diff erent disciplines. Their intellectual and psychological compatibility and the same level of professionalism are also very important. The volume of lecture material is always increasing. It requires rehearsals without students. It is more di ffi cult for teachers in its preparation and implementation.

Subiectum unicum studii hominem sapientem habent. Art and Anatomy have the one object of the study-Homo Sapiens. The Department of Human Anatomy of IFNMU is known both in Ukraine and abroad, primarily as an anatomical museum, which serves not only for the acquisition of anatomical knowledge, but also for the aesthetic education of students. This combination of Science and Art was offered by Associate Professor Omelyan Yurakh, a former student of the art school, who had some experience, gained as a high school student while helping to organize the school art museum. The idea was supported by Oksana Popadynets, who is an aesthete by her nature and whose activity is aimed at innovative changes. We must honestly admit that if she did not support the idea of using art paintings, there would be no anatomical museum as it exists today. Both are firmly convinced that the presence of masterpieces

The article represents our own experience in organization of the educational process in the discipline of «Human Anatomy» in the format of distance online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. The main stages of this form of education formation in the world and in Ukraine are briefl y represented. The causes of a number of challenges that arise in the implementation of online training are identifi ed and analyzed. The arisen problems are suggested to be solved by using presentations with color anatomical fi gures. The article describes the method of making presentations for both education and control using Power Point in detail. To assess students’ knowledge, it is also recommended to use electronic versions of test tasks of two levels: color fi gures, in which anatomical structures are marked with numbers, and situational clinical problems in the form of tasks «Step-1». Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the organization of distant online pass of fi nal module controls. There were off ered some simple but eff ective ways of elimination of students’ academic dishonesty.