Aims This study aims to analyse the novel Coronavirus disease‐ (COVID‐19) related testicular pain in hospitalised patients because of COVID‐19 and to review as an aetiological factor for epididymitis, orchitis or both. Methods A total of 91 patients were included in the study. A questionnaire was formed for the questioning of testicular pain or epididymo‐orchitis in patients with COVID‐19. Demographics and past medical history was also recorded. Patients’ neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratios (NLR), C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels and D‐dimer values were recorded. Patients with COVID‐19 were divided into two groups according to absence or presence of testicular pain or epididymo‐orchitis as group 1 and group 2. All results were compared for both groups. Results The median age of patients was similar in both groups. Testicular pain was occurred in 10.98% of the patients. Clinical presentation of epididymo‐orchitis was diagnosed in only one patient. No statistically significant difference was reported in terms of patients’ age, levels of CRP and D‐Dimer or NLR and results of questionnaire form queries between the two groups (P > .05). Conclusion Testicular pain was observed more frequently in hospitalised COVID‐19 cases. While no inflammation marker which is related to predict of testicular pain or epididymo‐orchitis was found in patients with COVID‐19.

Penile length during puberty should be evaluated individually according to the current pubertal stage. Our study offers a reliable reference table of penile length for pubertal age group.

We aimed to investigate bladder cancer risk with reference to polymorphic variants of cytochrome p450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1B1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, and GSTT1 genes in a case control study. Polymorphisms were examined in 114 bladder cancer patients and 114 age and sex-matched cancer-free subjects. Genotypes were determined using allele specific PCR for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes, and by multiplex PCR and melting curve analysis for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes. Our results revealed a statistically significant increased bladder cancer risk for GSTT1 null genotype carriers with an odds ratio of 3.06 (95% confidence interval=1.39-6.74, p=0.006). Differences of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and GSTM1 genotype frequencies were not statistically significant between patients and controls. However, the specific combination of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and CYP1B1 codon 119 risk allele carriers and specific combination of GSTM1 present, GSTT1 null, and CYP1B1 432 risk allele carriers exhibited increased cancer risk in the combined analysis. We did not observe any association between different genotype groups and prognostic tumor characteristics of bladder cancer. Our results indicate that inherited absence of GSTT1 gene may be associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, and specific combinations of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms may modify bladder cancer risk in the Turkish population, without any association being observed for CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and bladder cancer risk.

SummaryBackground:Persistent left superior vena cava is a rare but important congenital vascular anomaly. However, PLSVC with absent RSVC (isolated PLSVC) is a very rare venous malformation We report on a rare case of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) with absent right superior vena cava (RSVC).Case Report:This venous malformation was identified incidentally in a 69-year-old woman during chest multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). On chest MDCT, the SVC was noted on the left side. A bridging vein drained the right jugular and right subclavian veins and joined the left brachiocephalic vein in order to form the PLSVC, which descended on the left side of the mediastinum and drained into the left atrium (LA). The patient had no additional cardiac anomaly.Conclusions:Isolated PLSVC is usually asymptomatic but it can pose difficulties for establishing central venous access, pacemaker implantation and cardiothoracic surgery. This condition is also associated with an increased incidence of congenital heart disease, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. A wide spectrum of clinicians should be aware of this anomaly, its variations and possible complications.

Aim We aimed to investigate the predictor role of the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) on Bacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) response in patients with high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods A total of 96 patients with high‐risk NMIBC, who received intravesical BCG, were enrolled in the study. BCG responsive group (group 1) and BCG failure group (group 2) were compared in terms of demographic and pathological data, peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), SII, recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). The SII was calculated as in the formula: SII = neutrophil × platelet/lymphocyte. The prognostic ability of the SII for progression was analysed with multivariate backward stepwise regression models. Results The mean follow‐up time 34.635 ± 14.7 months. Group 2 had significantly higher SII, peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts than group 1. An ROC curve was plotted for the SII to predict the BCG failure and the cut‐off point was calculated as 672.75. Effect of the SII to the model was statistically significant (P = .003) and a higher SII increased the progression onefold. A tumour greater than 30 mm in size and a high SII together increased the progression 3.6 folds. Conclusions The SII might be a successful, non‐invasive and low‐cost parameter for prediction of BCG failure in patients with high‐risk NMIBC. The cut‐off value for SII is 672.75 and above this level BCG failure and progression to MIBC might be anticipated. However, these results should be validated in prospective randomised controlled studies with large patient groups.