BACKGROUNDIn India, an estimated 1.5-2.5% children below 2 years of age are developmentally delayed. A higher incidence of ocular disability is seen in these children, refractive errors and strabismus being most common. These can add to the overall burden of health as most of them have developmental comorbidities.The aim of the study is to study the ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. MATERIALS AND METHODSWe studied 112 children between the 2-12 years of age diagnosed to have developmental delay. All the subjects underwent a detailed ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity testing using Snellen's charts (3m and 6m) and Log MAR charts (recorded as per Snellen's vision testing to maintain uniformity), cycloplegic refraction, torchlight and slit-lamp evaluation and dilated fundus examination. The data was tabulated and represented using bar diagrams, Pie charts and graphs. The results were expressed as percentages. Design-Cross-sectional, observational study. RESULTS66 boys and 46 girls (total 112) were evaluated. The mean age of the study population was 7.8 years ± 2.4 SD. The aetiology of developmental delay was cerebral palsy (64%), Down syndrome (22%), autism (7%), intellectual disability (4.5%) and 1 case each of congenital hypothyroidism and ataxia telangiectasia. The prevalence of ocular disorders was found to be 84.8%, which was slightly higher in girls (87%) as compared to boys (83%). Refractive error (79.5%) was the commonest ocular disorder followed by strabismus (46.4%). Astigmatism (44.6%) was the commonest refractive error, which was divided into myopic astigmatism (19.6%), hyperopic astigmatism (13.8%) and mixed astigmatism (11.2%). Simple hyperopia was seen in 21.9% subjects and simple myopia in 12.1%. Exotropia (52%) was commoner than esotropia (48%). Other ocular abnormalities included optic atrophy, nystagmus, epicanthal folds, cataract, mongoloid slant, ptosis, telecanthus, conjunctival telangiectasia and blepharitis. Almost, 10% children with cerebral palsy had optic atrophy and 25% of those with Down syndrome had cataracts. CONCLUSIONOcular disorders are commonly seen in children with developmental delay. Refractive errors and strabismus are commonest and can easily be treated. Early diagnosis, prompt intervention and a close follow up are essential in order to prevent amblyopia.

Purpose: This study aimed at psychiatric evaluation of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and its association. Material: Consecutive patients diagnosed to have CSCR were included in the study. The participants underwent a routine eye examination. After informed consent, participants were subjected to psychiatric evaluation by a qualified psychiatrist. Details of evaluation and psychiatric disorders were documented and if treatment required were given by the psychiatrist. The outcome measure was the incidence of psychological disorder. Results: Cross-sectional observational data analysis of 40 patients diagnosed to have treatment-naive CSCR who agreed to undergo psychiatric evaluation were included in the study. The ethnic origin of the patients was Asian Indian. The mean age was 39.55 ± 8.33 years with a male to female ratio of 33:7. After a thorough psychiatric evaluation, 31 individuals (77.5%) diagnosed to have mixed anxiety disorders, 4 (10%) had the major depressive disorder, and 5 (12.5%) had adjustment disorder. All 40 patients had stressed personality. All 40 patients had treatment with anti-anxiolytics and advised lifestyle modification. Of these 40 patients, one patient (2.5%) underwent treatment additionally with an antidepressant. Conclusion: All patients with acute CSCR had some form of psychiatric disorder. Psychiatric evaluation in acute treatment naïve CSCR may contribute to the management besides other factors known in the management.

BACKGROUNDPterygium is a degenerative condition of the subconjunctival tissue, which proliferates as vascularised granulation tissue to invade the cornea, destroying the superficial layers of stroma and Bowman's membrane, the whole being covered by conjunctival epithelium.1 It can vary from small, atrophic pterygium to large, advancing pterygium obscuring the optical center of the cornea. The natural history of the condition is variable, prolonged static periods do exist. Anti-inflammatory drugs and lubricants have an important role in minimising the patient's discomfort, but it does not cure the disease. Hence, surgical excision of the pterygium is the most widely accepted treatment for pterygium with the main aim to reduce the recurrence of the lesion.2 Many surgical treatments have been described over the years.The aim of the study is to compare postoperative outcome using 2 different techniques of conjunctival autograft after pterygium excision with sutures vs. without sutures using autologous blood.

BACKGROUNDOCT is an attractive modality for imaging the eye, because it can image both the anterior segment (cornea, angle, crystalline lens) and the posterior segment (retina) of the eye. OCT provides the cross-sectional retinal image in vivo. OCT has high image resolution (1-15 μm) 1 and is capable of scanning a large area (up to 20 mm scan diameter). It perfectly fits the eye's size. Our study included patients suffering from various corneal pathologies who underwent routine ophthalmic checkup followed by OCT. A detailed quantitative cross-sectional imaging of the cornea was obtained with regards to the localisation, size, shape, depth, texture and surface of corneal ulcer and infiltrates, extent of corneal oedema, depth of corneal opacity, surface and texture of graft-host junction in patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty. The study was done to find out whether OCT could be valuable in the diagnosis and prognosis of corneal disorders keeping in mind the various studies conducted so far.The aim of the study is to study the diagnostic and prognostic role of OCT in various corneal pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy included 85 patients (males and females) visiting a tertiary healthcare centre with corneal pathologies diagnosed on slitlamp biomicroscopy following which OCT was done over 2 years period (February 2014 to February 2016). Design-Observational, cross-sectional, non-comparative study. RESULTSCorneal thickness is increased in corneal oedema (average 616 microns), while it is reduced in corneal ulcer (average 519 microns) and post keratoplasty patients (average 516 microns). The corneal thickness was normal in corneal degenerations (535 microns) and corneal opacity (545 microns). Texture was abnormal in 24 out of the 25 patients with corneal oedema. The corneal texture was abnormal in all 20 patients of corneal opacity and 18 out of 20 patients with corneal ulcer. All 5 patients post penetrating keratoplasty showed abnormal texture. Only 3 out of 15 patients with corneal degeneration showed abnormal texture. Depth assessment-Out of 20 patients with corneal ulcer, 12 were stromal and 8 were epithelial. Corneal surface was irregular in all 20 patients with corneal ulcer and 16 out of 20 cases of corneal opacity. In 8 patients of corneal oedema with bullous keratopathy, the corneal surface was irregular.

Background: Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial and complex disease of the ocular surface, with a high prevalence in adults. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of 2% topical Rebamipide and 0.1% topical Sodium hyaluronate with or without 0.05% topical cyclosporine in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomised, comparative, interventional study was conducted at a tertiary level academic centre on 240 eyes of 120 patients having DED, with Schirmer's test (without anesthesia) value less than or equal to 10mm and tear film breakup time (TBUT) less than or equal to 10 secs. After detailed ophthalmic examination, patients were randomly allocated in 4 different groups (A B C D). Group A were given 2% topical Rebamipide, group B received 2% topical Rebamipide with 0.05% topical Cyclosporine, group C were started on 0.1% topical Sodium Hyaluronate and group D were given 0.1% topical Sodium Hyaluronate with 0.05% cyclosporine. Each of these drops was given for 4 times a day for a period of 12 weeks. All patients were followed up after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks. Results: Out of 120 patients, 79 (65.83%) were female and 41 (34.16%) were male. The change in the mean schirmer's score and mean TBUT score was statistically significant in all four groups from baseline to 12 weeks (p<0.05). On comparing with each other, no significance difference was noted in any group. Conclusion: According to our study, 3 months of treatment with either 2% topical Rebamipide or 0.1% sodium hyaluronate is equally effective for DED and addition of 0.05% cyclosporine have no adjunctive role.