BACKGROUNDIn India, an estimated 1.5-2.5% children below 2 years of age are developmentally delayed. A higher incidence of ocular disability is seen in these children, refractive errors and strabismus being most common. These can add to the overall burden of health as most of them have developmental comorbidities.The aim of the study is to study the ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. MATERIALS AND METHODSWe studied 112 children between the 2-12 years of age diagnosed to have developmental delay. All the subjects underwent a detailed ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity testing using Snellen's charts (3m and 6m) and Log MAR charts (recorded as per Snellen's vision testing to maintain uniformity), cycloplegic refraction, torchlight and slit-lamp evaluation and dilated fundus examination. The data was tabulated and represented using bar diagrams, Pie charts and graphs. The results were expressed as percentages. Design-Cross-sectional, observational study. RESULTS66 boys and 46 girls (total 112) were evaluated. The mean age of the study population was 7.8 years ± 2.4 SD. The aetiology of developmental delay was cerebral palsy (64%), Down syndrome (22%), autism (7%), intellectual disability (4.5%) and 1 case each of congenital hypothyroidism and ataxia telangiectasia. The prevalence of ocular disorders was found to be 84.8%, which was slightly higher in girls (87%) as compared to boys (83%). Refractive error (79.5%) was the commonest ocular disorder followed by strabismus (46.4%). Astigmatism (44.6%) was the commonest refractive error, which was divided into myopic astigmatism (19.6%), hyperopic astigmatism (13.8%) and mixed astigmatism (11.2%). Simple hyperopia was seen in 21.9% subjects and simple myopia in 12.1%. Exotropia (52%) was commoner than esotropia (48%). Other ocular abnormalities included optic atrophy, nystagmus, epicanthal folds, cataract, mongoloid slant, ptosis, telecanthus, conjunctival telangiectasia and blepharitis. Almost, 10% children with cerebral palsy had optic atrophy and 25% of those with Down syndrome had cataracts. CONCLUSIONOcular disorders are commonly seen in children with developmental delay. Refractive errors and strabismus are commonest and can easily be treated. Early diagnosis, prompt intervention and a close follow up are essential in order to prevent amblyopia.

BACKGROUNDOCT is an attractive modality for imaging the eye, because it can image both the anterior segment (cornea, angle, crystalline lens) and the posterior segment (retina) of the eye. OCT provides the cross-sectional retinal image in vivo. OCT has high image resolution (1-15 μm) 1 and is capable of scanning a large area (up to 20 mm scan diameter). It perfectly fits the eye's size. Our study included patients suffering from various corneal pathologies who underwent routine ophthalmic checkup followed by OCT. A detailed quantitative cross-sectional imaging of the cornea was obtained with regards to the localisation, size, shape, depth, texture and surface of corneal ulcer and infiltrates, extent of corneal oedema, depth of corneal opacity, surface and texture of graft-host junction in patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty. The study was done to find out whether OCT could be valuable in the diagnosis and prognosis of corneal disorders keeping in mind the various studies conducted so far.The aim of the study is to study the diagnostic and prognostic role of OCT in various corneal pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy included 85 patients (males and females) visiting a tertiary healthcare centre with corneal pathologies diagnosed on slitlamp biomicroscopy following which OCT was done over 2 years period (February 2014 to February 2016). Design-Observational, cross-sectional, non-comparative study. RESULTSCorneal thickness is increased in corneal oedema (average 616 microns), while it is reduced in corneal ulcer (average 519 microns) and post keratoplasty patients (average 516 microns). The corneal thickness was normal in corneal degenerations (535 microns) and corneal opacity (545 microns). Texture was abnormal in 24 out of the 25 patients with corneal oedema. The corneal texture was abnormal in all 20 patients of corneal opacity and 18 out of 20 patients with corneal ulcer. All 5 patients post penetrating keratoplasty showed abnormal texture. Only 3 out of 15 patients with corneal degeneration showed abnormal texture. Depth assessment-Out of 20 patients with corneal ulcer, 12 were stromal and 8 were epithelial. Corneal surface was irregular in all 20 patients with corneal ulcer and 16 out of 20 cases of corneal opacity. In 8 patients of corneal oedema with bullous keratopathy, the corneal surface was irregular.

Background: Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial and complex disease of the ocular surface, with a high prevalence in adults. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of 2% topical Rebamipide and 0.1% topical Sodium hyaluronate with or without 0.05% topical cyclosporine in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomised, comparative, interventional study was conducted at a tertiary level academic centre on 240 eyes of 120 patients having DED, with Schirmer's test (without anesthesia) value less than or equal to 10mm and tear film breakup time (TBUT) less than or equal to 10 secs. After detailed ophthalmic examination, patients were randomly allocated in 4 different groups (A B C D). Group A were given 2% topical Rebamipide, group B received 2% topical Rebamipide with 0.05% topical Cyclosporine, group C were started on 0.1% topical Sodium Hyaluronate and group D were given 0.1% topical Sodium Hyaluronate with 0.05% cyclosporine. Each of these drops was given for 4 times a day for a period of 12 weeks. All patients were followed up after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks. Results: Out of 120 patients, 79 (65.83%) were female and 41 (34.16%) were male. The change in the mean schirmer's score and mean TBUT score was statistically significant in all four groups from baseline to 12 weeks (p<0.05). On comparing with each other, no significance difference was noted in any group. Conclusion: According to our study, 3 months of treatment with either 2% topical Rebamipide or 0.1% sodium hyaluronate is equally effective for DED and addition of 0.05% cyclosporine have no adjunctive role.

BACKGROUNDDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic with significant morbidity. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the specific microvascular complication of DM and affects 1 in 3 persons with DM. DR remain a leading cause of vision loss in working adult populations. Patients with severe levels of DR are reported to have poorer quality of life and reduced levels of physical, emotional and social wellbeing and they utilise more healthcare resources.The aim of the study is to determine the visual outcome of laser treatment in diabetic retinopathy patients. MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 100 eyes of 60 patients with diabetic retinopathy in different stages were subjected to retinal laser photocoagulation using double frequency Nd:YAG laser. Focal laser was used in 9 eyes, panretinal photocoagulation was done in 55 eyes, grid and panretinal photocoagulation was done in 32 eyes and grid and focal laser was done in 2 eyes. The best corrected visual acuity was noted and fundus examination was carried out prior to photocoagulation and at follow up visits. At last follow up, results were assessed. Design-Prospective, non-comparative study. RESULTSNonproliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 82 eyes. Following laser treatment, best corrected visual acuity improved in 17%, remained static in 81% and deteriorated in 2%. Maculopathy improved in 11%, remained static in 89%. After laser BCVA in PDR improved in 6% and remained unchanged in 94%. In male patients following laser BCVA improved in 11%, remained static in 87% and in females BCVA improved in 23% and remained static in 74%. CONCLUSIONOur study concludes that retinal laser photocoagulation plays an important role in stabilisation of vision in patients with diabetic retinopathy. There was no gender or age-related bias in the results of study. HbA1c value has no predictive role in visual outcome post retinal laser photocoagulation.